Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar I 9:l,z28:- (antigenic formula: 1,9,12:l,z28:-) is a serovar of the O:9 (D1) serogroup. This serovar is extremely understudied, with limited information available. According to the 10th Annual PulseNet Update Meeting, the CDC suggested that this serovar is likely a monophasic variant of serovar Javiana (antigenic formula: 1,9,12:l,z28:1,5). This is because serovar I 9:l,z28:- shares the same O and H1 antigens as serovar Javiana but does not express the H1 antigen, making it monophasic.

NCBI PD link for serovar I 9:l,z28:-: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=I%209:l,z28:-%22)

Genetic characteristics: Serovar I 9:l,z28:- has been found to be monophyletic. 

Animal reservoir: Unknown; however, one isolate (GCA_009223065.1) was obtained from cattle feces.

Geographical distribution: Based on the NCBI PD metadata, serovar I 9:l,z28:- has only been reported in the United States.

Human outbreaks: There have been no recent human outbreaks linked to this serovar.

Border rejections: There have been no recent border rejections linked to this serovar.

Recalls: There have been no recent recalls linked to this serovar.

Relevant links:

  1. https://www.aphl.org/conferences/proceedings/Documents/2006/10th-Annual-PulseNet/22_Fields_Salm_Sero.pdf
  2. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_009223065.1/
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