Salmonella Heidelberg

Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg (antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:r:1,2) is a serovar of the O:4 (B) serogroup. Salmonella Heidelberg was first identified in 1933 in Heidelberg, Germany. It was later detected in the United States for the first time in 1954. In the United States, Salmonella Heidelberg ranks as the third most common serotype found in retail meat and food animal isolates. It is also among the top four serotypes isolated from blood samples. Notably, 12%–13% of Salmonella Heidelberg infections in North America result in invasive disease, a rate significantly higher than the U.S. average of 7% for all Salmonella infections.

NCBI PD link for serovar Heidelberg: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Heidelberg%22)

Genetic characteristics: Previously, a phage typing scheme was developed for serovar Heidelberg in Canada; this scheme recognizes 49 phage types. S. Heidelberg accounts for the 8.6% of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella isolated from humans in the U.S. SARA33 is a multidrug resistant (MDR) strain. This strain was found, in silico, to contain a novel integron cassette; in addition, it was found to carry the following resistance genes: aac(6′)-ly, aadA5, aadB, aa(6′)-33, and aadA1, sul1 and sul2, bla_OXA-2 and bla_TEM, tetD. Resistance genes in S. Heidelberg have been identified in the chromosome (resistant islands) and in plasmids. Different incompatibility types (A/C, FIB, HI2) have been identified in the plasmids that carried resistance genes in S. Heidelberg. A MDR S. Heidelberg strain (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline) was found to cause a multistate outbreak linked to the Foster Farms brand chicken. Etter et al. analyzed a total of nine Heidelberg isolates collected during the outbreak investigation and revealed that (i) six Salmonella Heidelberg isolates linked to the foodborne outbreak exhibited increased heat tolerance, (ii) one of these heat-tolerant isolates also demonstrated enhanced biofilm formation under stressful conditions, (iii) heat stress triggered higher expression of multidrug efflux and virulence genes in Salmonella Heidelberg, and (iv) the outbreak-related isolates appeared to be transcriptionally prepared to better withstand processing stresses and potentially to cause infection.

Phylogenetic and pan-genomic analyses that included two of the sequenced S. Heidelberg strains and other Salmonella serovars concluded that S. Heidelberg (i) belongs to clade A, according to den Bakker et al. (2011) classification, (ii) appears to have a single evolutionary origin, and (iii) contains 74 gene families unique to this serovar.  

Animal reservoir: Poultry, including chickens and turkeys, are the main reservoirs for serovar Heidelberg. It has also been found in other animals such as cattle, swine, and dogs.

Geographical distribution: Serovar Heidelberg has been reported worldwide, mainly in North America.

Outbreaks: Multiple Heidelberg outbreaks have been linked to poultry, most of them in the US. Here are some example:

Border rejections:

Recalls:

¹ Tyson Foods, Inc. issued a recall of around 33,840 pounds of mechanically separated chicken products due to potential contamination with Salmonella Heidelberg. These products were manufactured on October 11, 2013, and distributed exclusively for institutional use across the nation.

Relevant links:

1. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J%20Bacteriol&title=About%20a%20new%20type%20of%20bacteria%20form%20the%20paratyphoid%20enteritis%20group&author=VH%20Habbs&publication_year=1933&pages=367-374&
2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1588278?casa_token=sTneApEGY84AAAAA%3AxCcrraoy6aPu-M6ejq3MtxjBB1MMgP_Z6YwUi4_cVoYN9dHewNuMwxG9EeHAe6ua_dq1zAdT8vyzdTrmZ47-5_6uPGQhzNzzMViPBHNg6yfUnNVpvw&seq=1
3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18757574/
4. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aac.01333-10
5. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/1/09-0729_article
6. https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jcm.41.9.4279-4284.2003
7. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/pdf/heidelberg-508c.pdf
8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3790100/
9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23251446/
10. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.01065-19
11. https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-12-425
12. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3175032/
13. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1282832/pdf#:~:text=Salmonella%20enterica%20subspecies%20enterica%20serovar%20Heidelberg%20(Salmonella%20Heidelberg)%20is%20primarily,Clothier%20and%20Byrne%2C%202016).
14. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3768931/
15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34932458/#:~:text=We%20report%20a%20multistate%20Salmonella,indicators%20of%20severity%20and%20invasiveness.
16. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/heidelberg-11-16/index.html
17. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/heidelberg-10-13/index.html
18. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/2011/chicken-liver-1-11-2012.html
19. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25865382/
20. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9151100/
21. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/reports-publications/canada-communicable-disease-report-ccdr/monthly-issue/2005-31/restaurant-foodhandler-associated-outbreak-salmonella-heidelberg-gastroenteritis-identified-calls-local-telehealth-service-edmonton.html
22. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/680242
23. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/679279
24. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/609282
25. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/heidelberg-01-14/advice-institutions.html