Salmonella Paratyphi A

Background:

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Paratyphi A (antigenic formula: 1,2,12,a:[1,5]) is a serovar of the O:2 (A) serogroup. 

Serovar Paratyphi A, is one of the typhodial Salmonella serovars that leads to approximately 3.4 million cases and 19,100 deaths annually worldwide. This serovar mainly causes paratyphoid fever whose symptoms closely resemble those of typhoid fever, which is caused by Salmonella Typhi. Similar to typhoid, paratyphoid is endemic in low- and middle-income regions, particularly South Asia, accounting for 5–25% of enteric fever cases, primarily due to fecal contaminated water, food, and poor sanitation.

NCBI PD link for serovar Paratyphi A: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Paratyphi%20A%22)

Genetic characteristics: Paratyphi A isolates have been found to be resistant to flouroquinolones. A few isolates have been shown to be resistant to azithromycin.

Animal reservoir: Serovar Paratyphi A is host-restricted to humans.

Geographical distribution: Serovar Paratyphi A has been found worldwide, primarily in middle- and low-income countries like Pakistan, Nepal, India, and Bangladesh.

Human outbreaks: 

¹ An unusual Salmonella Paratyphi A variety durazzo (2,12:a:-) was associated with this outbreak.

² The outbreak involved 37 Israeli travelers to Nepal. All of them developed bacteremia.

³ Among 394 suspected cases, 95.5% of them were students.

⁴ An unusual Salmonella Paratyphi A variety durazzo (2,12:a:-) was associated with this outbreak.

Border rejections: There have been no recent border rejections linked to this serovar. 

Recalls: There have been no recent recalls linked to this serovar. 

Relevant Links:

1. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30685-6/fulltext
2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8609278/
3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780128225219000319
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37274527/
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0255085720301511?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=9426415809c0fbfb
6. https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003859
7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24198224/
8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6528785/
9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8714142/

1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9782287/pdf/41467_2022_Article_35587.pdf
2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9810968/pdf/JFMPC-11-6545.pdf