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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Panama (antigenic formula 1,9,12:l,v:1,5) is a serovar of the O:9 (D1) serogroup. Serovar Panama was first identified in 1931 after being isolated during a foodborne outbreak affecting US military personnel stationed in Panama. In Taiwan, a case of neonatal meningitis caused by serovar Panama was linked to consumption of contaminated breast milk. Other than meningitis, septicemia and osteomyelitis have also been associated with serovar Panama infections. In Latin America, serovar Panama contributes substantially to the regional salmonellosis burden, with surveillance data from the 2000s indicating a confirmed incidence rate of 3.5 culture-positive cases per 100,000 population. Despite ranking among the top 30 most common Salmonella serotypes—with 1,903 reported cases (∼173 annually) from 2003–2013—this serotype accounted for only 1% of total Salmonella isolation, though it showed higher proportional isolation from bloodstream infections. Serovar Panama has been found to be an invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) serovar. Serovar Panama exhibits exceptional clinical invasiveness than most Salmonella serovars, with geographically consistent evidence of disproportionate systemic infection rates. In Martinique, it caused invasive infections 11 times more frequently. In England, 7% of serovar Panama isolates were from extraintestinal sites (vs. 2-3% for Salmonella Typhimurium/Enteritidis). In Taiwan, 70% of serovar Panama isolates were obtained from invasive cases compared to 12% for serovar Enteritidis. Australian epidemiological studies have also identified serovar Panama among the predominant iNTS serovars, demonstrating high invasiveness risk (odds ratios: 13.9, 15.26). Data collected from 2003 to 2013 (where total isolates tested were > 100), showed that serovar Panama was the 3rd most likely non-typhoidal serotype to be isolated from extra-intestinal sources (15.1%), exceeded only by serotypes Schwarzengrund (15.3%) and Poona (15.1%) in US.

NCBI PD link for serovar Panama: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Panama%22)

Genetic characteristics: 

Animal reservoir: Serovar Panama demonstrates a broad host range, including swine, cattle, reptiles, and amphibians.

Geographical distribution: Serovar Panama has been widely distributed globally.

Human outbreaks: Multiple human outbreaks linked to serovar Panama have been reported. Below are some example.

Year

Location

Associated source

Number of cases

2023

US: KY

Not reported9

2017

Costa Rica

Not identified5

2015-2016

Taiwan

Not identified41

2011

US: multistate

Cantaloupes from Guatemala20

2001

US: TX

Barbeque chicken109

1931

Panama

Not identifiedAbout 40

Border rejections: 

Year

Exporting country

Importing country

Associated source

Product category

2020BrazilGermanyBlack pepper1Herbs and spices

1 Salmonella Infantis and Panama were found. 

Recalls: 

YearLocationRecalled productType
2011US: multistateCantaloupes1Fruits and vegetables

1 This recall was caused by a multistate outbreak described above. Del Monte issued a recall of nearly 60,000 cantaloupes that were grown and shipped from the Del Monte Fresh farm Asuncion Mita in Guatemala.

Relevant links:

  1. https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/55/2/224/903312?login=true
  2. https://journals.asm.org/doi/full/10.1128/jcm.43.10.5400-5402.2005
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6704606/
  4. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/fpd.2010.0787
  5. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/152432/cdc_152432_DS1.pdf
  6. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/22161
  7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664621003144
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1037087/
  9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0399077X96800783?via%3Dihub
  10. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/extraintestinal-salmonellosis/78832FF29D3817D9D769994DEB153E57
  11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664612001775?via%3Dihub
  12. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aac.02012-17
  13. https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007187
  14. https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/214/10/1565/2514595


  1. https://outbreakdatabase.com/outbreaks/2023-outbreak-of-salmonella-panama-infections-associated-with-a-food-truck-kentucky
  2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6385320/
  3. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/2011/cantaloupes-6-23-2011.html
  4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC120641/
  5. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/446128
  6. https://marlerclark.com/news_events/del-monte-fresh-produce-cantaloupe-salmonella-outbreak-2


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