Salmonella Mbandaka

Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Mbandaka (antigenic formula 6,7,14:z10:e,n,z15) is a serovar of the O:7(C₁) serogroup. This serovar has been frequently isolated from poultry production environments. Salmonella ser. Mbandaka can be classified into two major groups. However, clustering of these groups and their subgroups were not associated with any patterns based on the host or geographical origin. A study found that all isolates contained a uniform virulence gene repertoire. This serovar is multi-drug resistant. 

Animal reservoir: Serovar Mbandaka was primarily found in poultry. It has been reported from other animals (pigs, cattle, fish, wild birds, and canine). 

Geographical distribution: Serovar Mbandaka has been found around world.

Human outbreaks: Numerous outbreaks in different countries have been linked to serovar Mbandaka, imported spices have been associated with several of these outbreaks. Below are some examples. 

¹ Multiple serovars, including Salmonella Altona, Cerro, Enteritidis, Indiana, Infantis, Johannesburg, Mbandaka, and Typhimurium, were linked to this outbreak. The case number represents the total number of cases associated with the outbreak and does not specifically indicate the number of people infected by Salmonella Mbandaka.

² Salmonella Mbandaka ST413 was the outbreak strain. A total of 300 cases were reported by March 15th, 2024. 

³ A total of 16 cases with the outbreak strains of Salmonella Montevideo (four persons) or Salmonella Mbandaka (12 persons) were reported from nine states.

Border rejections: Multiple border rejections linked to serovar Mbandaka have been reported. Below are some examples.

¹ Salmonella Agona, Idikan, Richmond, Falkensee, Molade, Mbandaka and Senftenberg were found. 

Recalls: Multiple recalls linked to serovar Mbandaka have been reported. Below are some examples.

¹ This recall was resulted by a multistate outbreak described above. Kellogg company voluntarily recalled their 15.3 oz. and 23 oz. packages of honey smacks cereal.

Relevant links:

1. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks/backyardpoultry-05-24/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/backyardpoultry-05-24/index.html
2. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/rapid-outbreak-assessment-multi-country-outbreak-salmonella-mbandaka-st413-linked#:~:text=European%20Centre%20for%20Disease%20Prevention,first%20update%20%2D%2021%20March%202024.
3. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/mbandaka-06-18/index.html
4. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/montevideo-tahini-05-13/index.html#:~:text=Investigation%20of%20the%20Outbreak,-During%20routine%20product&text=tahini%20sesame%20paste.-,Additional%20testing%20by%20the%20FDA%20isolated%20Salmonella%20Mbandaka%20from%20imported,recalled%20its%20tahini%20sesame%20paste.
5. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7033a1.htm
6. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/728058
7. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/672949
8. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/604602
9. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/482582
10. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/711679
11. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/693421
12. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/613060
13. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/593511
14. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/559826
15. https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls-market-withdrawals-safety-alerts/kellogg-company-voluntarily-recalls-honey-smacks-cereal-due-possible-health-risk

1. http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/05/salmonella-linked-to-tahini-sickens-8-across-country/#.WVvXMPnyuUl
2. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/montevideo-tahini-05-13/
3. http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/05/two-multistate-salmonella-outbreaks-linked-to-live-poultry-expand/#.WVvYSfnyuUk
4. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/604602
5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36853053/
6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36586112/
7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35722838/
8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35255093/
9. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7033a1.htm?s_cid=mm7033a1_w
10. https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-14-365
11. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/criid/2013/543147/
12. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/fpd.2021.0018?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed
13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7653644/
14. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/backyardpoultry-05-24/index.html
15. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.13174