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Background:  Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kiambu (antigenic formula 1,4,12:z:1,5) is a serovar of the O:4 (B) serogroup. Serovar Kiambu was found to be one of the most common Salmonella serovars in chicken in Ontario, Canada. More specifically, an Canadian study revealed that serovar Kiambu was the most commonly identified serovar through CRISPR-SeroSeq and the third most frequently by culture in Ontario poultry farms. Interestingly, while previous studies on Ontario farms had rarely reported this serovar, these findings suggest that serovar Kiambu is an emerging but underreported serovar in Ontario's poultry production systems.

NCBI PD link for serovar Kiambu: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Kiambu%22)

Genetic characteristics: Two serovar Kiambu isolates were found to possess genomic island SGI1. SRC10 and SRC11 exhibited resistance to all antibiotics in the standard SGI1-containing DT104 set (Ap, Cm and Fl, Sm and Sp, Su, and Tc). These two isolates with two cassettes (aadA2 and blaP1) were additionally resistant to trimethoprim and also possessed dfrA10 and CR1. 

Animal reservoir: The reservoir for serovar Kiambu remains unknown, but chickens and cattle may be potential hosts. This serovar has also been isolated from other animals, including cattle and pigs.

Geographical distribution: This serovar has been reported worldwide but is primarily found in North America, particularly in the US. Out of 1,024 serovar Kiambu isolates available in the NCBI Pathogen Database (accessed April 10, 2025), 835 were from the US.

Human outbreaks:

Year
Location
Associated Source
Number of Cases
2023US: multistateDry dog food7
2017US: multistateMaradol papayas imported from Mexico2201
2007AustraliaUnknown22
1 This outbreak involved five Salmonella serovars: Thompson, Kiambu, Agona, Gaminara, and Senftenberg. Across 23 states, 220 cases were reported involving infections from the outbreak strains: Salmonella Thompson (144), Kiambu (54), Agona (12), Gaminara (7), and Senftenberg (3).
2 Serovar Kiambu caused illness in two residents of a Queensland aged care facility. 

Border rejections: Multiple border rejections associated with serovar Kiambu were reported. They are all linked to black pepper imported from Brazil into Germany. Below are some examples. 

Year

Exporting country

Importing country

Associated source

Product category

2021BrazilGermanyBlack pepper1Herbs and spices
2021BrazilGermanyBlack pepper2Herbs and spices
2020BrazilGermanyBlack pepperHerbs and spices

1 Salmonella Rubislaw, Freetown, Kiambu, Newport, Poona and Sandiego O:5- were found. 

2 Salmonella Kiambu, Ealing, and Newport were found. 

Recalls: 

Year

Location

Associated source

Type

2023US: multistateDry dog food1Pet food

1 This recall was resulted by a multistate outbreak described above. Multiple brands including Victor, Eagle Mountain, Wayne Feeds, and some Member's Mark varieties issued a recall. 

Relevant links:

  1. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.01923-22
  2. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jb.187.13.4401-4409.2005
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35617326/#:~:text=When%20present%2C%20concentrations%20of%20Salmonella,%2C%20and%20Michigan%20(12.1%25).
  4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002203022101078X
  5. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks/dog-food-10-23/investigation.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/kiambu-11-23/details.html
  6. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/kiambu-07-17/index.html
  7. https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-cdi3201o.htm
  8. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/522349
  9. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/471644
  10. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/451084
  11. https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/outbreaks-and-advisories/fda-and-cdc-investigate-cases-salmonella-linked-pet-food-made-mid-america-pet-food-multiple-brands


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