Salmonella Javiana

Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Javiana (antigenic formula 1,9,12:l,z₂₈:1,5) is a serovar of the O:9 (D₁) serogroup. S. Javiana is the fourth most common Salmonella serovar identified among human clinical infections in the U.S. S. Javiana has been associated with a number of outbreaks that identified fresh produce as the source.

NCBI PD link for serovar Javiana: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Javiana%22)

among the top 10 serovars from human cases the U.S., in Australia sporadic cases have been reported. In addition, spices from Thailand have been found to contain strains of S. Javiana.

According to CDC, 2011, serovar Javiana is found in non-clinical non-human sources, specifically, non-clinical chicken and turkey.  

one of the top five most common serotypes of Salmonella associated with fresh-cut produce, with an average of 11 clusters per year (2008 to 2012) detected by the PulseNet Network.

Genetic characteristics: Mezal et al. found a total of 34 distinct patterns grouped into five clusters at a 90% similarity threshold using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Among the 50 Javiana isolates studied, all carried seven virulence genes, including cdtB. Additionally, the Javiana isolates exhibited substantial genetic diversity, indicating a heterogeneous clonal population across clinical, food, and environmental samples. Antimicrobial resistance in serovar Javiana was relatively low. Among the 140 isolates analyzed in 2013, only four (6.6%) exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid, while all remained susceptible to ceftriaxone. Notably, none of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). In addition, serovar Javiana is primarily regarded as pansusceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics. According to the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) surveillance dashboard, none of the 3,047 serovar Javiana isolates tested between 1996-2024 showed phenotypic resistance to 20 clinically relevant antibiotics. Sanad et al. analyzed a total of 409 Javiana isolates and found that a high proportion (89%, n=364) of isolates demonstrated resistance to sulfisoxazole alone. Resistance to other agents (gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur) was rare (3%, n=11). PFGE resolved the population into nine major clusters, and isolates sharing XbaI/AvrII profiles were epidemiologically linked to prolonged human circulation. Plasmid analysis of resistant strains (n=19) revealed diverse plasmid sizes (<3–165 kb), while virulence screening confirmed the universal presence of 14 genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. Interestingly, serovar Javiana is known to produce the typhoid toxin. Miller et al. revealed that deletion of the genes encoding the binding subunit (pltB) and a bacteriophage-derived muramidase, predicted to facilitate toxin export (ttsA), does not eliminate toxin activity in Javiana strains harboring the S-CDT operon.

Animal reservoir: According to CDC, serovar Javiana is mainly associated with amphibians. This serovar has also been rarely found in other animals such as chicken, cattle, and dogs.

Geographical distribution: S. Javiana has been reported worldwide including the US, Australia, and Germany.

Human outbreaks: Multiple human outbreaks of serovar Javiana have been associated with fresh produce. Here are some examples.

¹ Salmonella Saintpaul and Rubislaw were also involved. 

Border rejections: Multiple border rejections have been linked to serovar Javiana. They are all associated with black pepper imported from Brazil to Germany. Here are some examples.

¹ Salmonella Javiana and Salmonella Poona were both found. 

² Salmonella Javiana, Salmonella Newport and Salmonella Infantis were found. 

³ Salmonella Saintpaul and Salmonella Javiana were both found. 

Recalls: 

¹ Salmonella Javiana, Salmonella Mgulani and Salmonella Weltevreden were found. 

² Tailor Cut Produce recalled its fruit luau, cut honeydew, cut cantaloupe and cut pineapple products. This recall was resulted by a multistate outbreak mentioned above. 

Relevant links:

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160513001670
2. https://www.cdc.gov/narms/reports/annual-human-isolates-report-2013.html
3. https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/national-antimicrobial-resistance-monitoring-system/narms-now-integrated-data
4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9611979/
5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29588404/
6. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/reportspubs/salmonella-atlas/serotype-snapshots.html#:~:text=Scientists%20speculate%20that%20Javiana%20may,native%20to%20specific%20geographic%20areas
7. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.13174
8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6719869/
9. https://outbreakdatabase.com/outbreaks/2021-multistate-outbreak-of-salmonella-javiana-infections-associated-with-cantaloupe
10. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/javiana-12-19/index.html
11. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5131a2.htm
12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15061502/#:~:text=Salmonella%20Javiana%20is%20a%20Salmonella,infections%20in%20Mississippi%20increased%20sevenfold.
13. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2271603/
14. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/524913
15. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/524681
16. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/482981
17. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/452474
18. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2023/05/black-fungus-recalled-in-12-states-after-testing-finds-multiple-strains-of-salmonella/
19. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/?s=javiana