Salmonella Hadar

Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Hadar (antigenic formula 6,8:z10:e,n,x) is a serovar of the O:8 (C₂-C₃) serogroup. S. Hadar is a common serovar in the U.S. and Europe. Serovar Hadar is associated with turkey and other birds, and is commonly found in ground turkey and chicken meat. In Europe, this serovar emerged in 1971. In England, before 1971, only eight human cases reported; by 1979 a total of 1,600 human salmonellosis cases were confirmed to be caused by S. Hadar.  As a consequence of the S. Hadar emergence, a phage typing scheme was developed, this included 35 recognized phage types. In 2011, an outbreak associated with turkey burgers occurred in the U.S., the outbreak strain showed resistance to several antibiotics commonly used to treat salmonellosis (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cephalothin, and tetracycline).

Rep strainv 

S. Hadar has been isolated in the U.S., where it is among the top ten serovars from non-clinical non-human sources. In Europe, serovar Hadar is the 4^th most common serovar isolated from humans. In two countries of Asia, Thailand and China, this serovar has also been reported. In Thailand, serovar Hadar was reported in food (chicken and duck meat). Reports of acquisition of S. Hadar in travelers returning from Africa suggest a distribution of this serovar in Africa. In the U.S, this serovar is the most common serovar isolated from turkey.

NCBI PD link for serovar Hadar: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Hadar%22)

Animal reservoir: The main reservoirs of serovar Hadar are turkey flocks and turkey meat. However, chickens, ducks and swine are also sources of this serovar. 

Geographical distribution: Serovar Hadar has been reported worldwide such as the US. 

Human outbreaks: There were multiple human outbreaks of Salmonella Hadar. Below are examples.  

Border rejections:

¹ Salmonella Hadar and Kottbus were both found. 

Recalls:

¹ Plainville Brands, LLC, issued the recall because of the Salmonella Hadar outbreak.

² Product was (presumably) no longer on the market.    

Relevant links:

1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11384159/#:~:text=Historically%2C%20outbreaks%20of%20foodborne%20Salmonella,to%20the%20backyard%20poultry%20market.
2. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/hadar-04-21/details.html#:~:text=As%20of%20May%2017%2C%202021%2C%20a%20total%20of%2033%20people,No%20deaths%20were%20reported.
3. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?q=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hadar-live-poultry-07-12/index.html&start=0&rows=10&url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hadar-live-poultry-07-12/index.html
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20140122214727/https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hadar0411/040411/index.html
5. https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/laninf/PIIS1473-3099(05)70209-7.pdf
6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11078117/#:~:text=In%20August%201997%2C%20an%20outbreak,had%20symptoms%20of%20acute%20gastroenteritis.
7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9517880/
8. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/468397
9. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/recalls?keywords=Salmonella&page=1
10. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/431922
11. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hadar-live-poultry-07-12/index.html
12. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/hadar0411/040411/index.html
13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1601188/pdf/brmedj00016-0007.pdf