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NCBI PD link for serovar Paratyphi A: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22%20)%20AND%20serovar:(%22Ouakam%22%20%22Salmonella%20enterica%20subsp.%20enterica%20serovar%20Ouakam%22%20%22Salmonella%20Ouakam%22%20%22Paratyphi%20A%22%20%22Salmonella%20Paratyphi%20A%22) 

Genetic characteristics:

Paratyphi A isolates have been found to be resistant to flouroquinolones. A few isolates have been shown to be resistant to azithromycin.

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Serovar Paratyphi A is found worldwide, primarily in middle- and low-income countries like Pakistan, Nepal, India, and Bangladesh. However, it has also been found in Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Outbreaks:

Border rejections:

Recalls:

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Human outbreaks: 

¹ An unusual Salmonella Paratyphi A variety durazzo (2,12:a:-) was associated with this outbreak.

² The outbreak involved 37 Israeli travelers to Nepal. All of them developed bacteremia.

³ Among 394 suspected cases, 95.5% of them were students.

⁴ An unusual Salmonella Paratyphi A variety durazzo (2,12:a:-) was associated with this outbreak.

Border rejections: There have been no recent border rejections linked to this serovar. 

Recalls: There have been no recent recalls linked to this serovar. 

Relevant Links:

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0255085720301511?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=9426415809c0fbfb
2. https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003859
3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24198224/
4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6528785/
5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8714142/

1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9782287/pdf/41467_2022_Article_35587.pdf
2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9810968/pdf/JFMPC-11-6545.pdf
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10236518/pdf/ofad077.pdf