Salmonella Stanley

Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Stanley (antigenic formula: 1,4,[5],12,[27]:d:1,2) is a serovar of the O:4 (B) serogroup. S. Stanley is commonly associated with human clinical infections in South East Asia, which appears to have spread to Europe. Initial cases in Denmark were associated with patients that traveled to Thailand; however, multiple outbreaks in Europe associated with different sources (poultry, cheese, alfalfa sprouts) suggest that S. Stanley is also found in Europe. In Asia, cases have been found in children under the age of 5. Multidrug resistant strains that encode extended spectrum beta-lactamases (enzymes that confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin) have been reported in clinical cases in Asia and Europe.

NCBI PD link for serovar Stanley: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Stanley%22)

Genetic characteristics: 

Animal reservoir: Swine is the reservoir of serovar Stanley. According to the metadata from NCBI PD, this serovar was also isolated from other animals such as fish (Labeo rohita), snake (Naja siamensis), and frog. 

Geographical distribution: Serovar Stanley has been reported worldwide. Serovar Stanley is endemic in Southeast Asia (especially Thailand) and the Western Pacific region but relatively rare in Europe.

Human outbreaks: 

¹ Of these 63 cases, 48 and 15 people were infected with serovars Stanley and Poona, respectively.

² Food served at school was most likely to be the vehicle. 

³ Two serovars were involved in this outbreak. Of these 109 cases, 97 and 12 people were infected with serovars Stanley and Newport, respectively.

Border rejections: There have been no recent border rejections linked to this serovar.

Recalls:

¹ This recall was caused by a multistate outbreak described above. On September 23, 2020, Wismettac Asian Foods, Inc., Santa Fe Springs, CA issued a voluntary recall for Shirakiku brand imported dried fungus (aka. Kikurage or Black Fungus).

² This recall was caused by a multistate outbreak described above. On December 31, 2013, Cultured Kitchen of West Sacramento, California voluntarily issued a recall of all six flavors of its raw cashew cheese.

³ This recall was caused by an outbreak described above. Serovar Stanley, Newport, Kottbus, and Lexington were found in tested products. 

Relevant links:

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167587708001463
2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3295172/
3. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks/turtles-08-24/investigation.html
4. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/stanley-09-20/index.html#:~:text=On%20October%201%2C%202020%2C%20the,outbreak%20appears%20to%20be%20over.
5. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/stanley-01-14/index.html
6. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/salmonella-stanley-multi-country-outbreak-assessment-8-May-2014.pdf
7. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/esw.12.42.03291-en
8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18801315/
9. https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-2004-cdi2804f.htm
10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15310157/
11. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/576700
12. https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls-market-withdrawals-safety-alerts/wismettac-asian-foods-voluntarily-recalls-dried-fungus-due-potential-salmonella-contamination
13. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?archive_url=https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/stanley-01-14/advice-consumers.html

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3303205
2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932601