Salmonella Mbandaka

Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Mbandaka (antigenic formula 6,7,14:z₁₀:e,n,z₁₅) is a serovar of the O:7(C₁) serogroup. This serovar was first isolated in 1948 from a human salmonellosis case in the Belgian Congo. Serovar Mbandaka was ranked among the top 10 serovars responsible for human salmonellosis cases in Europe.

Serovar Mbandaka was reported to cause travel-associated sacroiliac osteomyelitis in a healthy adolescent. 

NCBI PD link for serovar Mbandaka: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Mbandaka%22)

Genetic characteristics: 

Animal reservoir: Chicken is the main reservoir for serovar Mbandaka. This serovar was also isolated from other animals (pigs, cattle, fish, wild birds, and canine). 

Geographical distribution: Serovar Mbandaka has been reported worldwide.

Human outbreaks: Numerous outbreaks in different countries have been linked to serovar Mbandaka, imported spices have been associated with several of these outbreaks. Below are some examples. 

¹ Multiple serovars, including Salmonella Altona, Cerro, Enteritidis, Indiana, Infantis, Johannesburg, Mbandaka, and Typhimurium, were linked to this outbreak. The case number represents the total number of cases associated with the outbreak and does not specifically indicate the number of people infected by Salmonella Mbandaka.

² Salmonella Mbandaka ST413 was the outbreak strain. A total of 300 cases were reported by March 15th, 2024. 

³ A total of 16 cases with the outbreak strains of Salmonella Montevideo (four persons) or Salmonella Mbandaka (12 persons) were reported from nine states.

⁴ Salmonella Infantis, Lille, Newport, and Mbandaka were involved in this outbreak. The case number represents the total number of cases associated with the outbreak and does not specifically indicate the number of people infected by Salmonella Mbandaka.

Border rejections: Multiple border rejections linked to serovar Mbandaka have been reported. Below are some examples.

¹ Salmonella Agona, Idikan, Richmond, Falkensee, Molade, Mbandaka and Senftenberg were found. 

Recalls: Multiple recalls linked to serovar Mbandaka have been reported. Below are some examples.

¹ This recall was resulted by a multistate outbreak described above. Kellogg company voluntarily recalled their 15.3 oz. and 23 oz. packages of honey smacks cereal.

Relevant links:

1. https://www.aaem.pl/Fifteen-years-of-successful-spread-of-Salmonella-enterica-serovar-Mbandaka-clone-ST413-in-Poland-and-its-public-health-consequences,72405,0,2.html
2. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3129
3. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2013/543147
4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39807938/
5. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks/backyardpoultry-05-24/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/backyardpoultry-05-24/index.html
6. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/rapid-outbreak-assessment-multi-country-outbreak-salmonella-mbandaka-st413-linked#:~:text=European%20Centre%20for%20Disease%20Prevention,first%20update%20%2D%2021%20March%202024.
7. https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/mbandaka-06-18/index.html
8. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/montevideo-tahini-05-13/index.html#:~:text=Investigation%20of%20the%20Outbreak,-During%20routine%20product&text=tahini%20sesame%20paste.-,Additional%20testing%20by%20the%20FDA%20isolated%20Salmonella%20Mbandaka%20from%20imported,recalled%20its%20tahini%20sesame%20paste.
9. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7033a1.htm
10. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6310a4.htm
11. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/728058
12. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/672949
13. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/604602
14. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/482582
15. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/711679
16. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/693421
17. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/613060
18. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/593511
19. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/559826
20. https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls-market-withdrawals-safety-alerts/kellogg-company-voluntarily-recalls-honey-smacks-cereal-due-possible-health-risk
21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36853053/
22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36586112/
23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35722838/
24. https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-14-365
25. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/fpd.2021.0018?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed
26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7653644/