Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gaminara (antigenic formula 16:d:1,7) is a serovar of the O:16 (I) serogroup. This serovar was commonly isolated from unpasteurized fruit and vegetable juices.
Animal reservoir: Salmonella Gaminara was found in chicken and bearded dragons.
Geographical distribution: Serovar Gaminara has been found in Africa, Singapore, and the U.S.
Human outbreaks: Outbreaks have been associated with S. Gaminara.
| Year | Location | Associated source | Number of cases |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | US: FL | Unpasteurized orange juice | 621 |
| 2017 | US: Multi-state | Maradol papayas | 2202 |
1: Salmonella Hartford was also associated with the outbreak.
2: A total of 220 people infected with the outbreak strains of Salmonella Thompson (144), Salmonella Kiambu (54), Salmonella Agona (12), Salmonella Gaminara (7), or Salmonella Senftenberg (3) were reported from 23 states.
Border rejections: Multiple border rejections associated with serovar Gaminara have been reported and they are all linked to black pepper from Brazil. Here are some examples.
Year | Exporting country | Importing country | Associated source | Product category |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper1 | Herbs and spices |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper2 | Herbs and spices |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper3 | Herbs and spices |
1 Salmonella Gaminara, Matadi and Poona were found.
2 Salmonella Gaminara, Saintpaul, and Javiana were found.
3 Salmonella Gaminara, Minnesota, and Newport were found.
Recalls:
| Year | Location | Recalled food | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | US | Flax seed produces1 | Nuts, nut products and seeds |
1 FDA found Salmonella Gaminara, Kentucky, and Oranienburg serovars in product samples. Salud Natural Entrepreneur, Inc issued the recall.
Relevant links and references: