Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum

Background information: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (antigenic formula 1,9,12:–:–) is a serovar of the O:9 (D₁) serogroup. This serovar has two biovars: Gallinarum, and Pullorum. Biovar Gallinarum has been found to show host specificity for aquatic birds, and poultry and can cause fowl typhoid (acute or chronic septicemia) in birds of any age, often spreading through adult flocks. Fowl typhoid can spread through ingestion, such as contaminated food, water, or cannibalism, as well as through the respiratory system. Live attenuated vaccines (SG9R) to prevent fowl typhoid were first created in 1956 with the development of the Gallinarum rough strain. Since serovar Gallinarum relies solely on domestic and aquatic fowl as its reservoir, as a result, the test-and-slaughter approach implemented through surveillance programs successfully eradicated the serovar from commercial poultry flocks in the United States, England, and Wales by the 1970s.

In silico serotyping tools used by NCBI PD cannot differentiate between Gallinarum and Enteritidis, nor can they distinguish at the biovar level. Additional genetic features need to be incorporated for accurate serotyping. NCBI PD link for serovar Gallinarum or Enteritidis: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Gallinarum%20or%20Enteritidis%22) 

Genetic characteristics:  

Animal reservoir: Serovar Gallinarum has been found in . 

Geographical distribution: Serovar Gallinarum has been reported worldwide.

Outbreaks: 

Border rejections: 

Recalls: 

Relevant links: 

1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10812584/#:~:text=Salmonella%20enterica%20subsp.,disease%20(PD)%2C%20respectively
2. https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jmm/10.1099/jmm.0.001653?crawler=true#:~:text=Both%20biovars%20cause%20invasive%20and,often%20progresses%20through%20mature%20flocks.
3. https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/fowl_typhoid.pdf
4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1056617119304234#:~:text=Live%20attenuated%20vaccines%20were%20first,except%20for%20the%20SG9R%20strain.
5. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1589326?origin=crossref
6. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20063033929