Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum

Background information: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (antigenic formula 1,9,12:–:–) is a serovar of the O:9 (D₁) serogroup. This serovar has two biovars: Gallinarum, and Pullorum. Biovar Gallinarum has been found to show host specificity for aquatic birds, and poultry and can cause fowl typhoid in birds of any age, often spreading through adult flocks.  

Other than being derived from animal samples described below, serovar Gallinarum was also isolated from 

In silico serotyping tools used by NCBI PD cannot differentiate between Gallinarum and Enteritidis, nor can they distinguish at the biovar level. Additional genetic features need to be incorporated for accurate serotyping. NCBI PD link for serovar Gallinarum or Enteritidis: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Gallinarum%20or%20Enteritidis%22) 

Genetic characteristics: According to the EU One Health Zoonoses Report, in 2019, out of 22 Gallinarum isolates, only one exhibited high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 4 mg/L. Gallinarum sequence type (ST) 2559 has been linked to a prolonged multi-country outbreak associated with the consumption of tomatoes in the European Union, European Economic Area, and the UK. 

Animal reservoir: Serovar Gallinarum has been found in wild boar, cattle, dogs, and laying hens. 

Geographical distribution: Serovar Gallinarum has been reported in European countries, such as Denmark, Germany, the UK, and Italy, as well as in the US.

Outbreaks: 

Border rejections: 

Recalls: 

Relevant links: 

1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10812584/#:~:text=Salmonella%20enterica%20subsp.,disease%20(PD)%2C%20respectively