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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Minnesota (antigenic formula 21:b:e,n,x) is a serovar of the O:21 (L) serogroup. Serovar Minnesota was first isolated in 1936 in a Minnesota turkey farm (US). A strikingly high prevalence (86.6%) of serovar Minnesota was detected across multiple poultry farms in Brazil's Center-West region around 2010.
NCBI PD link for serovar Minnesota: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Minnesota%22)
Genetic characteristics: Serovar Minnesota has been found to be monophyletic. Mukhtar et al. reported the draft genomes of two serovar Minnesota isolates (SA49317 and SA49319) obtained from chicken meat in Saudi Arabia belonging to ST 548 and carrying the colistin resistance gene mcr-1.1. de Melo et al. analyzed 20 serovar Minnesota isolates and revealed that all isolates exhibited varying gene frequencies, with avrA (apoptosis), sodC (oxidative stress), and invA (invasion) present in 100% (20/20) of isolates, while agfA (adhesion), lpfA (biofilm potential), and luxS (quorum sensing) were detected in 95% (19/20), 75% (15/20), and 80% (16/20), respectively; none (0/20) formed biofilms at 4°C. By including a total of 107 worldwide serovar Minnesota whole genomes, Kipper et al. identified two poultry-associated lineages in Brazil: S. Minnesota Poultry Lineages I (SM-PLI) and II (SM-PLII). Their phylodynamic analysis revealed that SM-PLI emerged around 1915, while SM-PLII arose in 1971, with the latter showing a larger number of isolates and a recent population expansion (particularly from 2009–2012). Both lineages carried plasmids (IncA/C2 and ColRNA), antimicrobial resistance genes (aph(3′)-Ia, blaCMY-2, qnrB19, sul2, tet(A)), and a virulence cluster (including the yersiniabactin operon). Huang et al. identified the emergence of four serovar Minnesota clones, three of which were genetically mixed with global strains. They claimed that these clones displayed enhanced antimicrobial resistance and virulence, driven primarily by the acquisition of multiple plasmids—especially IncC plasmids—harboring resistance (i.e., tet(A), aadA, and sul) and virulence genes (i.e., ybt, irp, and fyu). Notably, IncC plasmids showed genomic rearrangements, resulting in diverse configurations of resistance determinants.
Animal reservoir: Chicken is the reservoir for serovar Minnesota. This serovar was also isolated from other animals such as cattle and pigsAnimal reservoir: Serovar Minnesota has been found in chicken.
Geographical distribution: Serovar Minnesota has been found in worldwide.
Human outbreaks:
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There have been no recent human outbreaks linked to serovar Minnesota.
Border rejections:
Year | Exporting country | Importing country | Associated source | Product category |
| 2024 | Brazil | Germany | Poultry meat preparation - poultry breast, halved, salted | Poultry meat and poultry meat products |
| 2024 | Brazil | Germany | Poultry meat preparation - chicken breast, salted1 | Poultry meat and poultry meat products |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper2 | Herbs and spices |
| 2020 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper | Herbs and spices |
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| Year | Location | Recalled food | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Czech Republic, Denmark | Frozen chicken breast, boneless, skinless from Brazil | Poultry meat and poultry meat products |
| 2023 | Czech Republic | Frozen chicken half breast fillets from Brazil, via Ireland | Poultry meat and poultry meat products |
| 2023 | Czech Republic | Frozen chicken half breast fillets from Brazil | Poultry meat and poultry meat products |
| 2022 | Czech Republic | Frozen chicken breast filet from filet from Brazil via Belgium | Poultry meat and poultry meat products |
Relevant links:
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20475465/
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579119385906?via%3Dihub
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full#h10
- https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mra.00787-22
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/5/581webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/679812https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/680091
- https://webgatepubmed.ncbi.ecnlm.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/466011nih.gov/33167341/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s44259-025-00077-4
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/454070679812
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/641594680091
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/609904466011
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/609765454070
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/573994641594
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/609765609904
- https://wwwwebgate.ncbiec.nlmeuropa.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7694379/eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/609765
- https://wwwwebgate.ec.mdpieuropa.comeu/2076rasff-0817window/10screen/5notification/581573994
- https://academicwebgate.ec.oupeuropa.comeu/jid/articlerasff-abstractwindow/158screen/2/301/809958?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=truehttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mra.00787-22notification/609765