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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Liverpool (antigenic formula 1,3,19:d:e,n,z15) is a serovar of the O:1,3,19 (E4) serogroup. In the 2021 Salmonella outbreak linked to BrightFarms packaged salad greens, one serovar Liverpool isolate with no illnesses linked was recovered from two indoor growing ponds within the same growing house.
NCBI PD link for serovar Liverpool: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Liverpool%22)
Genetic characteristics: Serovar Liverpool has been found to be polyphyletic with one lineage identified and one stand-alone singleton that does not cluster with any other Salmonella Liverpool isolates. In an Algerian study, serovar Liverpool isolates they identified belong to sequence types ST1959. Due to the limited genetic characteristics available for this serovar, here, we also incorporated relevant phenotypic characteristics. Estrada and Harris found that serovar Liverpool strain A (persistent) in their study produced a robust biofilm. Amongst all the isolates Obe et al. tested with MIC QAC of 6.25 ppm before exposure, they found that compared to Kentucky and Enteritidis isolates (2-fold), serovar Liverpool isolate had the highest increment (3-fold) in MIC.
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1 Investigation is still ongoing.
Border Rejectionsrejections:
Year | Exporting country | Importing country | Associated source | Product category |
| 2024 | Denmark | Norway | Fish meal1 | Feed materials |
| 2023 | Spain | Italy | Processed animal proteins (SOA cat.3) | Feed materials |
| 2022 | China | Sweden | Crayfish (Procambarus clarckii) | Crustaceans and products thereof |
| 2021 | Uganda | Germany | Sesame seeds | Nuts, nut products and seeds |
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2 Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Liverpool were found. Trader Joe’s branded pistachios were recalled.
3 Diamond Pet Foods issued a recall of Diamond Naturals Small Breed Adult Lamb and Rice Dry Dog Food.
Relevant links:
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37003534/
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full#h10
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38502796/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38493873/
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1056617121000581
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17257247/
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579120303540
- https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2024/10/new-outbreak-of-salmonella-infections-detected-other-investigations-continue/
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/683485
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/636000
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/565571
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/461211
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/718210
- https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2016/10/fda-warnings-seafood-issues-and-salmonella-in-pistachios/
- https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/e-coli/news-scan-salmonellosis-live-chicks-response-2011-euro-e-coli-crisis-salmonella-dog-food