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...
Author:
...
AguaClara
...
Pilot
...
Plant
...
Spring
...
'08
...
Sub-Team
...
Sections
...
on
...
Testing
...
of
...
the
...
Tapered
...
Flocculator
...
were
...
written
...
by:
...
- Rebecca
...
- Thompson:
...
- rnt3@cornell.edu
...
- Narayana
...
- Pappu:
...
- nvp4@cornell.edu
...
Developing
...
Turbidity
...
Profiles
...
along
...
the Flocculator
Profile Test Procedure
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Flocculator h4. Profile Test Procedure {float} {anchor:flow path top view}[!Pilot Plant^3.jpg|width=200px!|Pilot Plant^3.jpg] h5. Picture of the Flocculator set-up. {float} |
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{float}
{anchor:flow path top view}[!Pilot Plant^picture1.jpg|width=200px!|Pilot Plant^picture1.jpg]
h5. Experimental Set-up of the Tube Settler Placement.
{float}
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The
...
purpose
...
of
...
this
...
experiment
...
was
...
to
...
develop
...
a
...
profile
...
of
...
flocculation
...
at
...
different
...
places
...
along
...
the
...
flocculator.
...
In
...
order
...
to
...
do
...
this,
...
we
...
moved
...
the
...
tube
...
settlers
...
to
...
different
...
points
...
along
...
the
...
length
...
of
...
the
...
flocculator
...
and
...
tested
...
the
...
turbidities
...
of
...
the
...
water
...
after
...
it
...
passed
...
through
...
the
...
tube
...
settler
...
and
...
reached
...
the
...
turbidimeter.
...
In
...
Experimental
...
Set-up
...
of
...
the
...
Tube
...
Settler
...
Placement
...
above,
...
you
...
can
...
see
...
a
...
schematic
...
of
...
the
...
experimental
...
set-up.
...
A
...
photograph
...
of
...
the
...
same
...
set-up
...
is
...
also
...
shown.
...
The
...
experiment
...
has
...
three
...
parts,
...
A,
...
B,
...
and
...
C,
...
each
...
lasting
...
for
...
45
...
minutes.
...
During
...
the
...
experiment,
...
the
...
location
...
of
...
tube
...
settlers
...
2
...
and
...
3
...
were
...
moved
...
to
...
different
...
places
...
along
...
the
...
flocculator
...
as
...
shown
...
above.
...
Turbidimeter
...
1
...
was
...
always
...
testing
...
the
...
incoming
...
water,
...
and
...
turbidimeter
...
4
...
was
...
always
...
testing
...
the
...
turbidity
...
of
...
the
...
water
...
at
...
the
...
end
...
of
...
the
...
flocculator
...
(location
...
4
...
above).
...
Along
...
with
...
moving
...
tube
...
settlers
...
2
...
and
...
3,
...
we
...
emptied
...
tube
...
settler
...
4
...
of
...
water
...
between
...
parts
...
A,
...
B,
...
and
...
C
...
of
...
the
...
experiment.
...
This
...
is
...
because
...
when
...
the
...
tube
...
settler
...
is
...
filling
...
with
...
water,
...
plug-flow
...
conditions
...
exist
...
in
...
which
...
velocity
...
gradients
...
cannot
...
develop,
...
and
...
flow
...
up
...
the
...
tube
...
settler
...
is
...
more
...
even.
...
So,
...
by
...
emptying
...
tube
...
settler
...
4
...
of
...
water,
...
we
...
ensured
...
that
...
the
...
potential
...
effects
...
of
...
this
...
condition
...
in
...
the
...
tube
...
settler
...
were
...
even
...
across
...
all
...
the
...
tube
...
settlers.
...
Likewise,
...
when
...
performing
...
the
...
data
...
analysis
...
after
...
the
...
experiment,
...
we
...
found
...
an
...
increase
...
in
...
the
...
turbidity
...
to
...
unreasonably
...
high
...
levels
...
(on
...
the
...
order
...
of
...
100
...
NTU)
...
for
...
about
...
10
...
minutes
...
after
...
moving
...
the
...
tube
...
settlers.
...
This
...
was
...
because
...
the
...
air
...
in
...
the
...
tube
...
settlers
...
which
...
was
...
being
...
pumped
...
through
...
the
...
turbidimeters.
...
Therefore,
...
only
...
the
...
data
...
at
...
the
...
end
...
of
...
each
...
part
...
of
...
the
...
experiment
...
was
...
used
...
(approximately
...
after
...
10
...
minutes
...
of
...
running).
...
The
...
removal
...
of
...
the
...
air
...
can
...
be
...
easily
...
observed
...
in
...
the
...
data
...
when
...
the
...
system
...
appears
...
to
...
have
...
reached
...
a
...
steady-state.
...
Results
...
from
...
Profile
...
Testing
...
of
...
Tapered
...
Flocculator
...
Set-up
...
Spring '08
| Wiki Markup |
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'08 * Move this section to a new page since this wiki page is getting too long and slow. * Consider using the wiki option for directly creating graphs in the wiki. Your graphs have a relatively small amount of data so it would be easy to do. See the [wiki style guide] for an example graph. * Put more than one plot per graph to make it easier to compare results. * add links to your page from the [Pilot Plant] page. {float} {anchor:flow path top view}[!Pilot Plant^picture2.jpg|width=200px!|Pilot Plant^picture2.jpg] h5. Turbidity Profile with Average Incoming Turbidity at 2 NTU. {float} \\ |
| Wiki Markup |
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{float}
{anchor:flow path top view}[!Pilot Plant^picture3.jpg|width=200px!|Pilot Plant^picture3.jpg]
h5. Turbidity Profile Ratio with Average Incoming Turbidity at 2 NTU.
{float}
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| Wiki Markup |
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{float}
{anchor:flow path top view}[!Pilot Plant^picture4.jpg|width=200px!|Pilot Plant^picture4.jpg]
h5. Turbidity Profile with Average Incoming Turbidity at 7.5 NTU.
{float} |
| Wiki Markup |
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{float} {anchor:flow path top view}[!Pilot Plant^picture5.jpg|width=200px!|Pilot Plant^picture5.jpg] h5. Turbidity Profile Ratio with Average Incoming Turbidity at 7.5 NTU. {float} |
| Wiki Markup |
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{float}
{anchor:flow path top view}[!Pilot Plant^2.jpg|width=200px!|Pilot Plant^2.jpg]
h5. Combined Turbidity Profiles from Three Experiments.
{float}
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In
...
figure
...
the
...
Combined
...
Turbidity
...
Profiles
...
from
...
Three
...
Experiments
...
graph,
...
it
...
can
...
be
...
seen
...
that
...
a
...
general
...
trend
...
exists
...
in
...
which
...
the
...
turbidities
...
taken
...
from
...
the
...
end
...
of
...
the
...
tube
...
settlers
...
first
...
spike
...
at
...
the
...
beginning
...
of
...
the
...
flocculator
...
to
...
about
...
2
...
times
...
what
...
they
...
were
...
in
...
the
...
incoming
...
water.
...
Then,
...
they
...
take
...
a
...
rapid
...
dive
...
to
...
a
...
fraction
...
of
...
the
...
original
...
turbidity.
...
The
...
most
...
likely
...
reason
...
for
...
this
...
is
...
the
...
formation
...
of
...
flocs
...
which
...
are
...
not
...
large
...
enough
...
to
...
settle
...
in
...
the
...
tube
...
settlers
...
at
...
the
...
beginning
...
of
...
the
...
flocculator
...
but
...
are
...
large
...
enough
...
to
...
greatly
...
increase
...
the
...
deflecton
...
of
...
light
...
in
...
the
...
turbidity
...
meters.
...
Later
...
in
...
the
...
flocculator,
...
larger
...
flocs
...
form,
...
and
...
these
...
have
...
a
...
settling
...
velocity
...
of
...
greater
...
than
...
10
...
m/day.
...
Therefore,
...
they
...
settle
...
in
...
the
...
tube
...
settlers
...
and
...
do
...
not
...
add
...
to
...
the
...
turbidity
...
in
...
the
...
turbidimeters.
...
It
...
appears
...
that
...
a
...
trend
...
also
...
exists
...
towards
...
the
...
peak
...
turbidity
...
happening
...
earlier
...
in
...
the
...
flocculator
...
when
...
incoming
...
turbidity
...
was
...
high,
...
and
...
later
...
in
...
the
...
flocculator
...
when
...
turbidity
...
was
...
lower.
...
This
...
result
...
suggests
...
that
...
the
...
flocculator
...
is
...
more
...
effective
...
when
...
turbidities
...
are
...
higher.
...
This
...
is
...
consistent
...
with
...
the
...
expectation
...
that
...
the
...
collision
...
rate
...
is
...
proportional
...
to
...
the
...
floc
...
volume
...
fraction,
...
φ
...
floc.
...
However,
...
the
...
settled
...
water
...
turbidity
...
from
...
the
...
end
...
of
...
the
...
flocculator
...
was
...
lower
...
when
...
incoming
...
water
...
was
...
lower.
...
The
...
outgoing
...
turbidity
...
was
...
0.9
...
NTU,
...
1.3
...
NTU,
...
and
...
1.8
...
NTU
...
for
...
the
...
trials
...
where
...
the
...
incoming
...
turbidity
...
was
...
2.0,
...
2.5,
...
and
...
7.5
...
NTU,
...
respectively.
...
It
...
is
...
important
...
to
...
examine
...
the
...
absolute
...
turbidity
...
at
...
the
...
outgoing
...
points
...
because
...
this
...
is
...
the
...
parameter
...
that
...
determines
...
the
...
effectiveness
...
of
...
chlorine
...
and
...
overall
...
safety
...
of
...
the
...
water
...
produced
...
by
...
our
...
system.
...
We
...
need
...
to
...
achieve
...
water
...
that
...
is
...
consistently
...
safe
...
to
...
drink
...
because
...
the
...
reliability
...
of
...
our
...
water
...
treatment
...
plants
...
affects
...
the
...
health
...
of
...
our
...
beneficiaries
...
on
...
a
...
daily
...
basis.
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
\\ {float} {anchor:flow path top view}[!Pilot Plant^picture6.jpg|width=200px!|Pilot Plant^picture6.jpg] h5. Turbidity Profile vs. Gθ. {float} |
The
...
graph
...
above
...
shows
...
the
...
flocculation
...
profile
...
versus
...
Gθ
...
as
...
calculated
...
with
...
the
...
model
...
developed
...
by
...
Leslie
...
Campbell
...
of
...
the
...
Design
...
Team.
...
This
...
model
...
is
...
as
...
follows:
...
| Include Page | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
...
|
...
|
...
Where
...
totbaffle
...
is
...
the
...
number
...
of
...
baffles
...
before
...
the
...
testing
...
plant,
...
Qplant
...
is
...
the
...
flow
...
rate
...
of
...
100
...
L/min,
...
and
...
FlocTankwidth
...
was
...
the
...
width
...
of
...
the
...
flocculator
...
sections,
...
or
...
12
...
inches.
...
The
...
other
...
parameters
...
were
...
set
...
as
...
follows:
...
Π
...
cell =
...
2,
...
kb
...
=3,
...
and
...
the
...
viscosity
...
of
...
water
...
was
...
1
...
*
...
10
...
^-6
...
m
...
^2/s.
...
By
...
examining
...
this
...
graph,
...
we
...
can
...
see
...
that
...
the
...
total
...
Gθ
...
of
...
this
...
set-up
...
was
...
about
...
5000,
...
which
...
similar
...
to
...
the
...
Gθ
...
of
...
the
...
flocculator
...
at
...
Ojojona,
...
which
...
is
...
about
...
4000.
...