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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Inverness (antigenic formula: 38:k:1,6) is a serovar of the O:38 (P) serogroup. This serovar is extremely relatively understudied, with limited information available. Serovar Inverness was previously isolated from raw, shelled peanuts, breeder farms, and surface water in Southeastern United States. 

NCBI PD link for serovar Inverness: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Inverness%22)

Genetic characteristics:Inverness which consisted of two distinct Serovar Inverness has been found to be monophyletic. Serovar Inverness isolated from free-living aquatic turtles was found to have two separate PFGE clusters, E and G Free-Living Aquatic Turtles. Most strains from the Suwannee River with serovar Inverness (8 out of 9) belonged to genogroup 10, which also contained a clinical Inverness strain. However, one Inverness isolate from the Suwannee River diverged into genogroup 5 and showed closer genetic similarity to strains with serovar Muenchen. A UK study revealed that Inverness strains had the highest number of intact (25) and incomplete (33) prophages, making them extreme prophage carriers among other serovars they analyzed. Additionally, S. Bovismorbificans, S. Enteritidis, S. Dublin, S. Inverness, and S. Choleraesuis were found to share DNA similarity with the Salmonella phage_ST64B. Switt et al. identified a 48 kb phage (PhInv-1b) encoding a secreted effector protein and the pertussis-like toxin ArtAB in serovar Inverness. They also suggested that the possession of both the type IVb pilus operon (i.e., pilQ, pilV, and rci) and IncI1-IncFIB replicons may be conserved in the Inverness genome.

Animal reservoir: Unclear, but based on the NCBI PD metadata, serovar Inverness was isolated from dog, raccoon, horse, and frog (Scaphiopus holbrookii). One study also isolated serovar Inverness from turtle.  

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Border rejections: There have been no recent border rejections linked to this serovar.

Recalls: There have been no recent recalls linked to this serovar.

Relevant links:

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362028X2208810X?via%3Dihub
2. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/spectrum.02090-24?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
3. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.02063-14#T2
4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
5. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2011/461321
6. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/6/514
7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3401170/
8. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.674973/full
9. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/fpd.2010.0572?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed