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NCBI PD link for serovar Hvittingfoss: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Hvittingfoss%22)

Genetic characteristics: Serovar Hvittingfoss has been found to be polyphyletic with four lineages identified and one stand-alone singleton that does not cluster with any other Salmonella Hvittingfoss isolates. ST446 was identified as the primary lineage among documented Hvittingfoss isolates in China. ST446 was also the outbreak strain linked to consumption of sprouted seeds in Norway. Fang et al. revealed the concurrent emergence of an outbreak-associated Hvittingfoss clone in regions of England. In Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica) from Roebuck Bay in Northwestern Australia, all Hvittingfoss isolates collected were found to carry the aminoglycoside resistance gene aac(6’)-Iaa, a gene conserved across all Salmonella serovars but typically not expressed.

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1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3833829/
2. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0087933
3. https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(22)00071-8/fulltext
4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
5. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.01312-20
6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11675239/
7. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.12286
8. https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(22)00071-8/fulltext
9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32737126/#:~:text=IMPORTANCESalmonella%20is%20a%20zoonotic%20pathogen,shorebirds;%20wildlife;%20zoonotic%20potential.
10. https://marlerclark.com/news_events/illinois-subway-salmonella-hvittingfoss-outbreak
11. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/434036
12. https://www.food-safety.com/articles/10195-salmonella-outbreak-linked-to-sprouts-sickened-509-people-over-two-years-in-ten-european-countries
13. https://www.wslhd.health.nsw.gov.au/News/2016/Avoid-recalled-rockmelon-after-Salmonella-outbreak--NSW-Health