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In Sub-Sahara regions of Africa, invasive strains of S. Typhimurium emerged, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogeny of these invasive strains and strains from other regions, showed two lineages of invasive strains that clustered together. Okoro et al. estimated that these lineages emerged independently around 52 and 35 years ago, closely coinciding with the onset of the current HIV pandemic. The shift from lineage I to lineage II isolates may have been driven by clonal replacement, possibly influenced by chloramphenicol use in treating invasive NTS disease.
Schultz et al. revealed that infection with S. Typhimurium enhances susceptibility to intestinal inflammation in both DSS-treated and IL-10−/− mice. This heightened vulnerability is linked to the bacterium's ability to persist in the liver and spleen, a process mediated by virulence factors secreted through the type III secretion system encoded by Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI-2/T3SS-2). While vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine moderately reduced the susceptibility of IL-10−/− mice to S. Typhimurium-induced intestinal inflammation, it failed to eliminate bacterial persistence in these tissues. During 4 to 6 weeks of chronic infections of S. Typhimurium, one mouse harbored phenotypically distinct adapted clones in the spleen versus liver, demonstrating tissue-specific bacterial evolution. Meanwhile, three co-housed mice became intestinally colonized by an identical clone containing a conserved non-synonymous mutation in kdgR (a metabolic transcriptional regulator), strongly suggesting cross-mouse transmission. Phylogenetic tracking revealed this mutation emerged in an index mouse within 14 days post-infection before spreading to two cage-mates. Subsequent challenge experiments confirmed this kdgR-variant possesses superior intestinal colonization capacity compared to wild-type, providing direct evidence of adaptive evolution enhancing enteric fitness.
Animal reservoir: Serovar Typhimurium is host-generalists that can colonize and cause diseases in multiple animal species, including but not limited to cattle, poultry, swine, wild animals, and insects.
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