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Genetic characteristics: This serovar is further classified according to the susceptibility to typing phages (phage typing (PT)), the most common PTs are PT8 and PT4. Molecular subtyping with Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) shows that approx. 40% of the isolates fall in the same PFGE type. Invasive strains of serovar Enteritidis emerged in sub-Sahara regions of Africa and have caused systemic salmonellosis in travelers returning from Africa. Serovar Nitra and Enteritidis have antigenic formulas that differ only in their O antigens. Although serovar Nitra is very rare, it is genetically indistinguishable from serovar Enteritidis. Chen et al. found that Salmonella Enteritidis is a polyphyletic serovar comprised 6 of six phylogenetic groups and two stand-alone singletons that do not cluster with any other Salmonella Enteritidis isolates. Within Enteritidis-A-7 (chicken-associated; estimated emergence in 1633), they identified four clonal sub-clades. Cao et al. analyzed Enteritidis isolates collected worldwide from humans and concluded that in clades I and IV, most isolates were pan-susceptible, while 81.8% (9/11) of isolates in clade III and 22.4% (13/58) in clade II were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Notably, 77% (10/13) of the MDR isolates in clade II originated from China. The most common antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) found in the Chinese isolates were aph(3′)-IIa, bla_CTX-M-55, and bla_TEM-1B, whereas the most prevalent ARGs in the African isolates (clade III) were bla_TEM-1B, sul1, sul2, drfA7, aph(3")-Ib/strA, and aph(6)-Id/strB. Of the 14 plasmid types identified, IncX1 and IncFII(pHN7A8) were exclusive to the Chinese MDR isolates, while IncQ1 was strongly linked to the African MDR isolates. A Chinese study revealed that serovar Enteritidis triggers an inflammatory response through SPI-1 and SPI-2, which enhances intracellular proliferation and bacterial virulence. A protein–protein interaction prediction revealed a connection between virulence proteins and T3SS proteins, with PagN interacting with T3SS-related proteins to collectively mediate the invasion of the Enteritidis 27A strain into the human body.

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Year	Exporting country	Importing country	Associated source	Product category
2025	Poland	Italy	Frozen duck¹	Poultry meat and poultry meat products
2024	Brazil	Netherlands	Fresh chicken meat	Poultry meat and poultry meat products
2019	Poland	Czech Republic	Chilled Beef	Meat and meat products (other than poultry)

¹ Salmonella Enteritidis and Newport were both found.

Recalls: There are numerous recalls linked to Salmonella Enteritidis. The majority of them are associated with chicken, eggs, and egg products, while a few can also be related to other commodities. Below are examples.

Year	Location	Recalled food	Type
2024	Romania	Frozen chicken legs	Poultry meat and poultry meat products
2022	Estonia	Chicken thigh boneless, skinless from Poland	Poultry meat and poultry meat products
2021	Spain	Frozen pasteurized wedge clams (Donax trunculus) from Turkey	Bivalve molluscs and products thereof
2021	Slovakia	Cereal-based foods for infants and young children	Cereals and bakery products
2020	Poland	Eggs	Eggs and egg products

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