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Wiki Markup*{+}Background:+* _Salmonella enterica_ subsp. _enterica_ serovar Brandenburg (antigenic formula 4,\[5\],12:l,v:e,n,z{~}15~₁₅) is a serovar of the O:4 (B) serogroup. In New Zealand, in 1996 _S._ Brandenburg emerged in the sheep populations and caused a number of outbreaks. During these [outbreaks|http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/sheep/9090477/Bacterial-outbreak-killing-South-Island-sheep] in sheep, _S._ Brandenburg has caused abortion in pregnant ewes and has killed approx. the half of infected ewes. In addition, outbreaks in cattle have also been reported in New Zealand. It is considered an occupational [hazard|http://www.business.otago.ac.nz/sirc/conferences/2001/17_higgan.pdf], because farmers can acquire the disease by contact with infected animalsserogroup. Serovar Brandenburg was first reported in 1930 in Germany. Serovar Brandenburg was reported among the 15^th most common serovars in Europe. It is considered an occupational hazard, because farmers can acquire the disease by contact with infected animals. In New Zealand, in 1996, serovar Brandenburg emerged in the sheep population and caused a number of outbreaks. 

NCBI PD link for serovar Brandenburg: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Brandenburg%22)

Genetic characteristics: Serovar Brandenburg has been found to be polyphyletic with two lineages identified and two stand-alone singletons that do not cluster with any other Salmonella Brandenburg isolates. Siepker et al. studied Brandenburg isolates from two separate late-term abortion outbreaks in Jersey heifers and found all isolates were of ST type 873 and carried typhoid toxin genes, along with various fimbrial gene clusters, type III secretion system genes, and several pathogenicity islands. Out of 37 Brandenburg isolates collected in Spain, 21 of them exhibited resistance to one or more unrelated drugs, with the most common resistances being to streptomycin, tetracycline, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, encoded by the genes aadA1, tet(A) or tet(B), aphA1, catA1, blaTEM, and dfrA1-sul1-sul3, respectively.

Animal reservoir: Serovar Brandenburg is was found in different animal species (pigs, turkey, cattle, horse, deer and sheep). However, in New Zealand, it is was predominantly found in ruminants (sheep mostly).

Geographical distribution: Serovar Brandenburg is reported among the 15^th most common serovars in Europe, and it is endemic in ruminants (sheep and cattle) in New Zealand.has been reported worldwide. 

Human outbreaksOutbreaks: Outbreaks have occurred in different countries since 1963. Outbreaks in sheep in New Zealand are common since 1996; these outbreaks are characterized by abortion in ewes.   Below are a few examples. 

¹ Salmonella Brandenburg and Salmonella Corvallis were both involved. 

Animal outbreaks:

¹ Brandenburg infection causes abortion in pregnant ewes and has killed approx. the half of infected ewes.

² Brandenburg infection causes late-term abortions, sickness, and death in cattle, typically occurring during the late dry period (late winter/early spring). In naïve herds, first-calving heifers appear to be the most affected, with up to 35% experiencing abortions. During outbreaks, mortality rates can vary, averaging around 5%.

Border rejections:

¹ Salmonella Brandenburg was found in 2 out of 5 samples. 

Recalls:

Relevant links and references:

Relevant links:

1. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=001f7b72ccab906c02c94e2f0e66af76dbe9dfed
2. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00480169.2004.36387
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2870545/#:~:text=Brandenburg%20has%20become%20established%20as,protect%20farmers%20and%20their%20families.
4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9446288/#:~:text=Salmonella%20Brandenburg%20NGS%20analysis%20detected,trimethoprim%2C%20and%20florfenicol%20
6. https://academic.oup.com/jac/article-abstract/60/6/1227/820109?redirectedFrom=fulltext
7. https://www.jpmh.org/index.php/jpmh/article/download/240/221/
8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11754160/
9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7989535/
10. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/49A6A27218F15F0678FB17FFA92ABAAA/S0950268898008887a.pdf/div-class-title-laboratory-investigation-and-comparison-of-span-class-italic-salmonella-span-brandenburg-cases-in-new-zealand-div.pdf
11. https://www.odt
12. http://www.business.otago.ac.nz/sirc/conferences/2001/17_higgan.pdf
13. http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/sheep/9090477/Bacterial-outbreak-killing-South-Island-sheep
14. http://www.jpmh.org/issues/201152102.pdf
15. /salmonella-devastating-flocks-south
16. https://www.topfarmers.co.nz/know-how/salmonella/salmonella-in-cattle/
17. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/552403
18. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/468368
19. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/478083
20. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/444406http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11754160