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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Saintpaul (antigenic formula 1,4,[5],12:e,h:1,2) is a serovar of the O:4 (B) serogroup. In 1940, serovar Saintpaul was first isolated from turkey in US. In the U.S. it ranks among the top 15 serovars causing human salmonellosis.  In Oceania, this serovar is the fourth most common serovar in humans. In addition, S. Saintpaul is commonly reported in Europe and outbreaks have been linked to internationally imported food (e.g., from Mexico) Enter-Net surveillance data from European national reference centers revealed serovar Saintpaul as the fourth most prevalent Salmonella serovar (1.6%) in human isolates during Q4 2006, marking a notable increase in its role as a cause of human salmonellosis compared to previous years. Subsequent surveillance showed declining prevalence, with the serovar accounting for 1.2% and 0.6% of human Salmonella infections in Q1 2007 and Q1 2008, respectively. Salmonella Saintpaul was frequently listed as top 20 Salmonella serovars in humans in Oceania and North America. A case of testicular seminoma complicated by serovar Saintpaul-induced testicular abscess has been reported.

NCBI PD link for serovar Saintpaul: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Saintpaul%22)

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Zwe and Yuk found that pre-treatment of serovar Saintpaul with ceftiofur resulted in enhanced phenotypic resistance to ceftriaxone. However, this exposure paradoxically reduced the bacterium's ability to transfer cephalosporin resistance via conjugative transfer of the bla_CTX-M-65 gene.

Animal reservoir: Unknown, but turkey and swine are likely to be reservoirs for serovar Saintpaul. 

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