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NCBI PD link for serovar Muenchen: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Muenchen%22)

Genetic characteristics: Serovar Muenchen has been found to be polyphyletic with four lineages identified. Cohen et al. revealed that the emergence of serovar Muenchen was characterized by a predominant clonal multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain carrying the epidemic megaplasmid pESI. This plasmid confers resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin (aadA1), sulfonamides (sul1), tetracycline (tetRA), and trimethoprim (dfrA1), and demonstrates self-mobilization capability to E. coli and other Salmonella serovars. Notably, pESI also harbors multiple virulence determinants, including: (1) two chaperone-usher fimbrial clusters (Ipf and Klf); (2) a mercury resistance operon; and (3) the yersiniabactin iron acquisition system - all likely contributing to enhanced pathogenicity, host specificity, and environmental persistence. While initially reported in Israel, pESI-positive serovar Muenchen strains have now been identified in additional geographic regions such as South Africa, the UK, and US. Another Israeli study revealed that yersiniabactin gene cluster in pESI demonstrated specific upregulation under two key conditions: (1) mid-to-late logarithmic growth phase and (2) iron-depleted or oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide) environments. Their findings revealed yersiniabactin's novel function in oxidative stress resistance and demonstrated its substantial contribution to serovar Infantis/Muenchen gut colonization in murine, promoting the worldwide transmission of pESI-bearing strains across diverse Salmonella lineages.

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