*** This version of Confluence is for testing only and contains a copy of content from June 29th 2026. No changes will be preserved. ***
...
Genetic characteristics: Studies have found that isolates from biovar Gallinarum were can be multidrug-resistant. More specifically, antibiogram analysis revealed that biovar Gallinarum in the U.S. exhibited high levels prevalence of resistance to cephradine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, streptomycin, and ampicillin. Farahani et al. found that the antibiotic resistance rates among 60 biovar Gallinarum isolates in Iran were as follows: penicillin (100%), nitrofurantoin (80%), nalidixic acid (45%), cefoxitin (35%), neomycin sulfate (30%), chloramphenicol (20%), and ciprofloxacin (5%).
...
Geographical distribution: Serovar Biovar Gallinarum has been reported worldwide.
OutbreaksAnimal outbreaks: There have been multiple outbreaks in chickens associated with biovar Gallinarum. Here, we selected two as examples.Examples are shown below:
...
Border rejections: There have been no recent border rejections linked to this biovar.
Recalls: There have been no border rejections recent recalls linked to this biovar.
Relevant links:
...