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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gaminara (antigenic formula 16:d:1,7) is a serovar of the O:16 (I) serogroup. This serovar was commonly isolated from unpasteurized fruit and vegetable juicescan cause osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in infants.
NCBI PD link for serovar Gaminara: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Gaminara%22)
Genetic characteristics: Serovar Gaminara has been found to be paraphyletic. A non-Gaminara serovar, S. Welikade, clusters within serovar Gaminara. In the case of an infant infected withserovar Gaminara following exposure to a bearded dragon, the isolate was found to be susceptible to ampicillin, cefotaxime, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Treatment was initiated with parenteral ceftriaxone.
Animal reservoir:Salmonella Serovar Gaminara was found in chicken and bearded dragons.
Geographical distribution: Serovar Gaminara has been mainly found in Africa, Singapore, and the U.S. the US and European countries such as the UK.
Human outbreaks:Outbreaks: Outbreaks have been associated with S. Gaminara.
| Year | Location | Associated |
|---|
| source | Number of |
|---|
| cases |
|---|
| 2017 | US: |
| multistate | Maradol papayas | 2201 |
| 1995 | US: |
| FL | Unpasteurized orange juice | 62 |
| 2 |
2: 1: Salmonella Hartford was also associated with the outbreak. A total of 220 people infected with the outbreak strains of Salmonella Thompson (144), Salmonella Kiambu (54), Salmonella Agona (12), Salmonella Gaminara (7), orand Salmonella Senftenberg (3) were reported from 23 states.
2 Salmonella Hartford and Gaminara were both associated with the outbreak.
Border rejections: Multiple border rejections associated with serovar Gaminara have been reported and serovar Gaminara were found only in black pepper from Brazil. Here are some examples.
Year | Exporting country | Importing country | Associated source | Product category |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper1 | Herbs and spices |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper2 | Herbs and spices |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper3 | Herbs and spices |
1 Salmonella Gaminara, Matadi and Poona were found.
2 Salmonella Gaminara, Saintpaul, and Javiana were found.
3 Salmonella Gaminara, Minnesota, and Newport were found.
Recalls:
| Year | Location | Recalled food | Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | US | Flax seed produces1 | Nuts, nut products and seeds |
1 FDA found Salmonella Gaminara, Kentucky, and Oranienburg serovars in product samples. Salud Natural Entrepreneur, Inc issued the recall.
Relevant linksRelevant links and references:
- https://journals.lww.com/infectdis/fulltext/2007/09000/salmonella_gaminara_osteomyelitis_and_septic.13.aspx
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
- https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/kiambu-07-17/index.html
- https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/cornwell_claudia_m_200112_ms.pdfjamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/188128
- https://wwwwebgate.ec.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.22270114v2.fulleuropa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/469498
- https://wwwwebgate.ec.reliasmedia.com/articles/39857-more-bad-news-even-orange-juice-is-a-risk-for-i-salmonellosis-ieuropa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/466524
- https://appswebgate.ec.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/265456/PMC2537894.pdf?sequence=1europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/464612
- https://listserv.state.nv.us/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind2001&L=FOODSAFEPARTNER&D=0&H=A&P=937
- https://wwwjournals.researchgate.net/publication/363935706_Salmonella_spp_in_Chicken_Prevalence_Antimicrobial_Resistance_and_Detection_Methodslww.com/infectdis/fulltext/2007/09000/salmonella_gaminara_osteomyelitis_and_septic.13.aspx
- https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.22270114v2.full