*** This version of Confluence is for testing only and contains a copy of content from June 29th 2026. No changes will be preserved. ***
...
NCBI PD link for serovar Javiana: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Javiana%22)
Genetic characteristics: Serovar Javiana has been found to be monophyletic. Mezal et al. found a total of 34 distinct patterns grouped into five clusters at a 90% similarity threshold using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Among the 50 Javiana isolates studied, all carried seven virulence genes, including cdtB. Additionally, the Javiana isolates exhibited substantial genetic diversity, indicating a heterogeneous clonal population across clinical, food, and environmental samples. Antimicrobial resistance in serovar Javiana was relatively low. Among the 140 isolates analyzed in 2013, only four (6.6%) exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid, while all remained susceptible to ceftriaxone. Notably, none of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). In addition, serovar Javiana is primarily regarded as pansusceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics. According to the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) surveillance dashboard, none of the 3,047 serovar Javiana isolates tested between 1996-2024 showed phenotypic resistance to 20 clinically relevant antibiotics. Sanad et al. analyzed a total of 409 Javiana isolates and found that a high proportion (89%, n=364) of isolates demonstrated resistance to sulfisoxazole alone. Resistance to other agents (gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftiofur) was rare (3%, n=11). PFGE resolved the population into nine major clusters, and isolates sharing XbaI/AvrII profiles were epidemiologically linked to prolonged human circulation. Plasmid analysis of resistant strains (n=19) revealed diverse plasmid sizes (<3–165 kb), while virulence screening confirmed the universal presence of 14 genes, including pagC, cdtB, and iroN. Interestingly, serovar Javiana is known to produce the typhoid toxin. Miller et al. revealed that deletion of the genes encoding the binding subunit (pltB) and a bacteriophage-derived muramidase, predicted to facilitate toxin export (ttsA), does not eliminate toxin activity in Javiana strains harboring the S-CDT operon.
...
Geographical distribution: S. Serovar Javiana has been reported worldwide including the US, Australia, and Germany.
...
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3622996/
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168160513001670
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
- https://www.cdc.gov/narms/reports/annual-human-isolates-report-2013.html
- https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/national-antimicrobial-resistance-monitoring-system/narms-now-integrated-data
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9611979/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29588404/
- https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/reportspubs/salmonella-atlas/serotype-snapshots.html#:~:text=Scientists%20speculate%20that%20Javiana%20may,native%20to%20specific%20geographic%20areas
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.13174
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6719869/
- https://outbreakdatabase.com/outbreaks/2021-multistate-outbreak-of-salmonella-javiana-infections-associated-with-cantaloupe
- https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/javiana-12-19/index.html
- https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5131a2.htm
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15061502/#:~:text=Salmonella%20Javiana%20is%20a%20Salmonella,infections%20in%20Mississippi%20increased%20sevenfold.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2271603/
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/524913
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/524681
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/482981
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/452474
- https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2023/05/black-fungus-recalled-in-12-states-after-testing-finds-multiple-strains-of-salmonella/
- https://www.foodsafetynews.com/?s=javiana