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NCBI PD link for serovar Uganda: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Uganda%22)

Genetic characteristics: Serovar Uganda has been found to be monophyletic. In a Nigerian study, four serovar Uganda strains were isolated from camels slaughtered in Maiduguri central abattoir and one of strains showed resistance to sulfamethoxazole. Serovar Uganda isolated from fish in India harbored multiple virulence genes, including orgA (oxygen-regulated, involved in host recognition and invasion), invE/A (SPI-1, essential for host cell invasion), ttrC (tetrathionate reductase, conferring a fitness advantage), ssaQ (SPI-2 T3SS secretion system component), mgtC (SPI-3, promoting intracellular survival in macrophages via Mg²⁺ transport), misL (SPI-3-encoded autotransporter adhesin, aiding intramacrophage survival), spi4R/spi4D (encoding a T1SS), sopB (SPI-1/SPI-5 T3SS effector facilitating bacterial internalization), pip (SPI-5 protein inducing intestinal inflammation and fluid secretion), hilA (SPI-1 T3SS regulator enhancing invasiveness), and stn (Salmonella enterotoxin), and pefA (fimbrial virulence factors). Brichta-Harhay et al. studied cattle processing plants in US and found the most prevalent multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella serotypes identified were Salmonella Newport (53.1%), Typhimurium (16.6%), and Uganda (10.9%). All MDR serovar Uganda isolates in their study exhibited resistance to cephalosporins (ceftiofur and cefoxitin), along with either reduced susceptibility or full resistance to ceftriaxone.

Animal reservoir: Unknown, according to the metadata from NCBI PD, cattle and pigs are potential reservoirs for serovar Uganda. Pigs and cattle remained the top two sources for non-human isolates.

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¹ Both Salmonella Uganda and Salmonella Idikan were isolated.

Border rejections: 

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1. https://web.archive.org/web/20040606215720/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/phlisdata/salmonella.htm#2001
2. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4774774/
4. https://ijmr.org.in/salmonella-enterica-serovars-takoradi-tananarive-and-uganda-from-foods-in-tripura-their-virulence-antimicrobial-resistance/
5. https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/aem.01885-10
6. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks/uganda-01-22/investigation.html
7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37743279/
8. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/uganda-06-19/index.html
9. https://www.marlerblog.com/case-news/salmonella-uganda-outbreak-linked-to-head-cheese-in-louisiana/#:~:text=Illness%20onset%20dates%20among%20the,20%202013%E2%80%B3on%20each%20package.
10. https://outbreakdatabase.com/outbreaks/2011-multistate-outbreak-of-salmonella-uganda-infections-linked-to-cantaloupe
11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3320290/
12. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/580204