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NCBI PD link for serovar Panama: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Panama%22)

Genetic characteristics: Serovar Panama has been found to be monophyletic. A recent study identified two distinct sub-lineages of serovar Panama, which fall under a known Asian lineage. Among the Australian isolates, 46 (51.7%) exhibited multi-drug resistance (resistance to three or more drug classes). A plasmid-borne colistin resistance gene, mcr1.1, was found in one Australian serovar Panama isolate, located on an IncI plasmid previously documented in Salmonella and Escherichia coli strains from poultry in Southeast Asia. Analysis of serovar Panama intracellular replication revealed diverse phenotypes. In THP-1 macrophages, despite limited uptake by host cells, serovar Panama replicated more efficiently over time compared to Salmonella Typhimurium.

Pulford et al. identified four identified four monophyletic clades : of serovar Panama, C1 (n = 338), C2 (n = 124), C3 (n = 131), and C4 (n = 104), with an additional 139 genomes being polyphyletic genomes. Clade C1 was predominantly composed of Latin American & Caribbean isolates (n = 295/338), including the earliest S. serovar Panama strain isolate from 1931. Clade C2 primarily contained European isolates, with notable subclades overrepresented by strains isolate from France and the UK. Clade C4 was largely associated with Asia and Oceania.Among  Among the 836 isolates in this study, 14.5% (n = 121) exhibited resistance to at least one antimicrobial class, while 85.5% (n = 715) were pan-susceptible. Most resistant isolates clustered in C2 (Europe) and C4 (Asia/Oceania) (n = 113/121). The predominant resistance profile (35.5%, n = 43/121) included streptomycin (aadA1, aadA2), ampicillin (*blaTEMbla_TEM-1B*), chloramphenicol (cmlA1), trimethoprim (dfrA12), sulfisoxazole (sul3), and tetracycline (tetA).Plasmid  Plasmid analysis revealed that IncFIA(HI1) (n = 40/131) and IncFIB(K) (n = 35/131) were exclusive to C4, frequently carrying the aforementioned resistance genes (n = 27/35). In contrast, IncN plasmids were mainly found in C2 (n = 28/131), sharing a similar resistance profile but substituting chloramphenicol resistance with kanamycin resistance.The  The estimated most recent common ancestor of all serovar Panama isolates dated back to 1555 (95% highest probability density interval: 1458–1634). Additionally, S. serovar Panama exhibited a mean invasiveness index of 0.2294—slightly higher than broad-host-range serovars (e.g., S. Enteritidis, S. Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium) and significantly higher than host-restricted serovars (e.g., S. Typhi, S. Salmonella Typhi and Gallinarum).

Animal reservoir: Serovar Panama demonstrates a broad host range, including swine, cattle, reptiles, and amphibians.

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