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Why
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Drag
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Analysis
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is
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Necessary
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Observation
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of
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the
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tube
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settlers
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yielded
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interest
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in
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floc
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buildup
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and
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floc
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flow
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in
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tubes.
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As
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the
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flocs
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began
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to
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build
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up,
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some
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started
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to
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roll
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up
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the
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tubes
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and
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flow
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out
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into
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the
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effluent
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instead
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of
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falling
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back
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into
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the
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floc
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blanket.
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It
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was
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determined
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that
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a
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drag
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force
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was
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possibly
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preventing
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the
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flocs
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from
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settling
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out.
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The
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question
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remained,
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however,
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as
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to
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why
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smaller
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tubes
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at
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higher
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flow
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rates
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experienced
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the
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rolling
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flocs
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but
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not
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the
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larger
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tubes.
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It
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was
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determined
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that
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velocity
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gradients
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vary
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with
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the
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tube
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diameter,
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and
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that
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the
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drag
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force
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was
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related
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to
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the
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velocity
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gradient
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at
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the
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tube
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wall.
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As
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the
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diameter
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decreased
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at
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the
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same
...
| Latex |
|---|
...
\large\[V_\alpha\] |
...
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velocity
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profile
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maintains
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the
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same
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amplitude,
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increasing
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the
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maximum
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velocity
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gradient
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experience
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by
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a
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floc
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on
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the
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tube
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wall.
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The
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following
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analysis
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was
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performed
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to
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find
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the
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threshold
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velocity
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gradient
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that
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results
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in
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a
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drag
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force
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which
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exceeds
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the
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force
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due
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to
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gravity
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which
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would
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cause
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the
...
flocs
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to
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slide
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down
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the
...
tube.
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{float:right|border=2px solid black} !Plate Settler Spacing Research Fall 2008^Uniformflow.png|width=200px|height=250px! h5. Figure 1: Development of fully developed flow {float} h3. |
Velocity
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Gradients
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The
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Reynolds
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number
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and
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entrance
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region
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length
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were
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calculated
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to
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determine
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whether
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the
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flow
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through
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the
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tubes
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was
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transient
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or
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laminar.
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With
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Reynolds
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numbers
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below
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100
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the
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length
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of
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the
...
entrance
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region
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was
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determined
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by
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the
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following
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equation:
| Latex |
|---|
} \large $l_e = 0.06{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} \cdot d$ {latex} |
It
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was
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then
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determined
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that
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the
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flow
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though
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the
...
tubes
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became
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fully
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developed
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very
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quickly.
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Figure
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1
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shows
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the
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evolution
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from
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uniform
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to
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fully
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developed.
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The
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parabola
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represents
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the
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fully
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developed
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velocity
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profile
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through
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the
...
tubes.
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It
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is
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clear
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from
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this
...
image
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that
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flocs
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experience
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higher
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velocity
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gradients
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in
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the
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entrance
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region.
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The
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next
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calculation
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involved
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the
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Navier
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Stokes
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equation
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for
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laminar
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flow
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through
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a
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cylindrical
...
tube,
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as
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seen
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below.
| Latex |
|---|
{latex} \large $\frac{{\partial v}}{{\partial r}} = \frac{1}{\mu }\left( {\frac{{\partial p}}{{\partial z}}} \right)R + c_1 $ {latex} Final |
Final equation:
| Latex |
|---|
} \large $\frac{{\partial v}}{{\partial r}} = \frac{{4 \cdot V}}{R}$ {latex} |
This
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equation
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was
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evaluated
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at
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R,
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the
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radius
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of
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the
...
tube,
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to
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find
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the
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maximum
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velocity
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gradient
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at
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the
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tube
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walls.
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Table
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1
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lists
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the
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velocity
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gradient
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values
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for
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each
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tube
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at
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the
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test
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critical
...
velocities.
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
{float:right|border=2px solid black|width=700} {excel:file=PSS flow rate experiment^DataAnalysis_aguaclara.xls |sheet=Velocity Gradient Table} *Table 1. Results: The Velocity Gradients for the Tested Critical Velocities* {float} |
In
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order
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to
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determine
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a
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minimum
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plate
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spacing
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for
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the
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tanks
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in
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AguaClara
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plants,
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a
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Navier
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Stokes
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equation
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for
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laminar
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flow
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between
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two
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flat
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plates
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was
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used.
| Latex |
|---|
{latex} $\frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial y}} = \frac{1}{\mu }\left( {\frac{{\partial p}}{{\partial x}}} \right)y + c_1 $ {latex} |
Final
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equation:
| Latex |
|---|
{latex} \large $\frac{{\partial u}}{{\partial y}} = \frac{{3V}}{{2h}}$ {latex} |
The
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minimum
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spacing
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for
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plate
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settlers
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can
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be
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determined
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using
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the
...
above
...
equations.
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The
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velocity
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gradients
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found
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in
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each
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tube
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over
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the
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range
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of
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critical
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velocities
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can
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be
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found
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in
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Table
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1.
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By
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comparing
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the
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velocity
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gradients
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in
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table
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1
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and
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the
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results
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table
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from
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the
...
...
...
...
it
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can
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be
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determined
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that
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once
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the
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velocity
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gradient
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in
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the
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tube
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reaches
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a
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certain
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value,
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failure
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occurs.
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From
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the
...
data
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it
...
appears
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that
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failure
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occurs
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around
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2.4
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1/s,
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as
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velocity
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gradients
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beyond
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this
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value
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correspond
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with
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failure
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in
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the
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two
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smallest
...
tube
...
sizes
...
tested.
Drag on a floc
| Wiki Markup |
|---|
h3. Drag on a floc {float:right|border=2px solid black} !Drag on floc.png|width=90px|height=90px! *Figure 2: Force Balance on a floc* {float} |
Figure
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2
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shows
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the
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force
...
balance
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on
...
a
...
floc.
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As
...
stated
...
before,
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it
...
is
...
believe
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that
...
when
...
the
...
drag
...
force
...
on
...
a
...
floc
...
exceeds
...
force
...
due
...
to
...
gravity,
...
the
...
floc
...
beings
...
to
...
roll
...
up
...
the
...
tube.
...