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Genetic characteristics: A total of 63 serovar Amsterdam isolates have been retrieved in meat-type ducks raised in a Thailand farm by Assawatheptawee et al. All these isolates were positive for the virulence genes sipB, prgH, spaN, orgA, spiA, pagC, msgA, sitC, invA, and sopB, but negative for pefA and spvB. The sifA gene was also absent. In a another study, Salmonella Amsterdam isolated from beef in Greater Tunis (n=2) has been found to possess the invasion gene invA, but none the spvC virulence gene. These two isolates were also found to show multidrug-resistance.

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1. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2021/10/u-s-and-canada-part-of-salmonella-outbreak-linked-to-tahini-and-halva/