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NCBI PD link for serovar Havana: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Havana%22)
Genetic characteristics: Serovar Havana has been found to be polyphyletic with seven lineages identified. The strain (Havana ST1524) exhibited high virulence in the Galleria mellonella larvae infection model. Additionally, this strain was identified as carrying the mcr-9.1 gene, which, when cloned, confers a significant 16-fold increase in colistin resistance. The outbreak strains originating in pediatric wards of two hospitals in Shiraz, Iran demonstrated high resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, gentamicin, ampicillin, kanamycin, and cephalothin except trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Among them, only 14 (32%) were susceptible to cephalothin, and 6 (14%) to gentamicin, with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 1.6 µg/mL and >3.1 µg/mL, respectively.
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Human outbreaks: There are multiple human outbreaks associated with serovar Havana. Here are some examples:
| Year | Location | Associated Sourcesource | Number of Casescases |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | Canada | Tahini and halva from Syria | 2 |
| 2018 | Australia | Alfalfa sprouts | 31 |
| 1998 | US: CA & AZ | Alfalfa sprouts | 18 |
| 1987 | US: GA | Chicken | 73 |
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- https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/68/2/125/899111
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1547190/full
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0882401024007216
- https://academic.oup.com/tropej/article-abstract/28/1/14/1661403?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26449943/#:~:text=Isolation%20and%20serotyping%20of%20Salmonella,and%20thereby%20prevent%20human%20infections.
- https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2021/10/u-s-and-canada-part-of-salmonella-outbreak-linked-to-tahini-and-halva/
- https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2019/11/first-australian-salmonella-havana-outbreak-traced-to-alfalfa-sprouts/
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1308574/
- https://outbreakdatabase.com/outbreaks/georgia-chicken-1987
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/485130
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/465026
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/433870
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/750386
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/661565
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/638769
- https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2021/12/fda-sends-warning-to-food-firms-over-import-violations-and-salmonella-in-retail-sampling/