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In the U.S. it ranks among the top 15 serovars causing human salmonellosis. In Oceania, this serovar is the fourth most common serovar in humans. In addition, S. Saintpaul is commonly reported in Europe and outbreaks have been linked to internationally imported food (e.g., from Mexico).
In Germany, a clonal line with a multidrug resistant phenotype was found in turkeys and human feces. This strain showed resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, nalidixic acid, and sulfamethoxazole, along with intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins.
NCBI PD link for serovar Saintpaul: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Saintpaul%22)
Genetic characteristics: Chen et al. found that serovar Saintpaul appeared to be polyphyletic with four distinct phylogenetic groups identified. Within serovar Saintpaul, the comparative genomic analysis revealed 384 and 619 genes enriched in isolates from 5 human-associated (HA) and 4 non-human-associated (NHA) SNP clusters, respectively, that showed the strongest association with their isolation sources. This included five known HA-linked virulence genes located on Gifsy-1/Gifsy-2 prophages. Additionally, premature stop codons were more prevalent in 3 HA and 7 NHA genes. Cell culture experiments with representative strains from 4 HA and 3 NHA clusters found no increased invasion or intracellular survival capability in HA SNP clusters. However, the presence of sodCI (encoding a superoxide dismutase)—detected in 4 HA and 1 NHA clusters—correlated with enhanced survival in macrophage-like cells.
In Germany, a clonal line of Salmonella Saintpaul with a multidrug resistant phenotype was found in turkeys and human feces. These isolates exhibited resistance (either complete or intermediate) to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, spectinomycin, and sulfamethoxazole, along with intermediate resistance or reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and multiple third-generation cephalosporins (including ceftiofur and cefoxitin). Genotypic analysis revealed a conserved resistance pattern, featuring blaTEM-1, aadB, aadA2, sul1, and a Ser83→Glu83 mutation in the gyrA gene. Additionally, all isolates carried a chromosomal class 1 integron harboring the aadB-aadA2 gene cassette.
Animal reservoir: Unknown, but turkey and swine are likely to be reservoirs for serovar Saintpaul.
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