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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Worthington (antigenic formula 1,13,23:z:l,w) is a serovar of the O:13 (G) serogroup. Serovar Worthington were first isolated in 1937 from a young turkey and a chick by Dr. Pomeroy. The name of Worthington came from Worthington, Minnesota, where a hatchery that the poult of this isolate was purchased. Serovar Worthington tends to cause infection in vulnerable groups such as newborns or elderly. is the 2nd most common nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar isolated from human infections in India during 2001-2005.  

The most common source of serovar Worthington is turkey, turkey ceca, and its production environment. This serovar has been reported in milk powder contamination, vegetables, and seafood. However, serovar Worthington has been frequently Serovar Worthington has been reported to cause infection especially in neonatal cases and the pediatric ward. The . Serovar Worthington tends to cause infection in vulnerable groups such as newborns or elderly. Although the symptoms caused by serovar Worthington infection are likely non-typhoidal infection symptoms such as diarrhea or vomiting, vomitingin some cases, but it can develop to meningitis leading to fatality.   In In 1955, there was a report on serovar Worthington suspected causing gastroenteritis including vomiting in several newborn babies in a small maternity ward at Indonesian hospital. The outbreak to newborn babies in the nursery of maternity ward also occurred in Hongkong's hospital in Hong Kong in August 1974 leading to 1 from 13 cases died due to meningitis but the outbreak cause was unable to identified. However, the second outbreak occurred in five weeks after with infected five newborns and this time revealed that the outbreak caused by the contamination in tubing system of a suction apparatus which was used for baby's oropharyngeal suction. The outbreak causing by the same contamination also happened in Pakistan in early 1990s. Salmonella Worthington was recovered from 18 babies who received suction.Java

NCBI PD link for serovar WorthintonWorthington: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Worthington%22)

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oldest verified isolation was in 1929 in Denmark. It was in the top 15 most commonly reported Salmonella enterica serovars related to animal contact outbreaks in the United States during 2009–2014.

This serovar was also isolated from turkey-processing plants in the USA in the 1960's. and pig farm environment in Brazil. Although there has been a limited number of research on Salmonella Sandiego, human infections caused by Salmonella Sandiego have been reported, such as a post-traumatic chronic subdural haematoma in an alcoholic heavy drinker patient, and a prevertebral neck abscess in a type 2 diabetes mellitus patient.

Animal reservoir: Serovar Sandiego has been found in small turtles and their environments, and also found in turkey flocks. 

Genetic characteristics: Serovar Worthington has been found to be polyphyletic with 1 lineage and 1 stand-alone singleton.  phylogenetic groups identified

Wilson et al. analyzed 71 serovar Tennessee isolates and identified four clades with a total of 114 SNPs. Additionally, a 110 kb phage was identified, showing similarity to Salmonella phage SSU5 (103,299 bp). A transcriptomic study conducted by Li et al. found that after two hours of air-drying at 11% relative humidity, around 25% of the open reading frames (ORFs) in the serovar Tennessee genome and 20% in serovar Typhimurium LT2 showed differential expression (more than 2-fold change). Among the most significantly affected functional groups (greater than 5-fold change) in both strains, fatty acid metabolism had the highest expression shift, accounting for 51% of the total expression change in serovar Tennessee and 35% in LT2. Compared to LT2, serovar Tennessee exhibited stronger expression changes in stress response and cell envelope modification genes but weaker changes in protein biosynthesis. Flagella gene expression was more suppressed in serovar Tennessee’s stationary-phase cells than in LT2, both before and after drying. Additionally, desiccation triggered a notable increase in the osmolyte trehalose in serovar Tennessee, whereas no detectable rise occurred in LT2—a finding that aligns with the expression trends of trehalose-related biosynthesis and degradation pathways in both strains.

Animal reservoir: Serovar Worthington has been commonly found in turkeys including their environments.

Geographical distribution: Serovar Worthington Geographical distribution: Serovar Sandiego has been found in the United States and Canada, andIndonesia, reportedly, also in Uruguay, DenmarkHong Kong, India, Thailand, and BrazilPakistan.

Outbreaks: Several outbreaks have been associated with S. Sandiego, mostly associated with small pet turtles. There was a report on an outbreak of food poisoning with approximately 200 cases in California in 1938. Two isolates of Salmonella Sandiego were obtained from this outbreak.

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