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Pornsukarom et al. reported that all Thai Rissen isolates in this study were multidrug-resistant and more than 90% were resistant to ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline and streptomycin. Half of Rissen isolates in the USA were pan-sensitive and some of US isolates were resistant to only tetracycline. Wang et al. identified Rissen human isolates (anal swabs or feces) had the common resistance profile as ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline; respectively conferring to resistance genes blaTEM, tetA, and sul3. The Study from India reported on multidrug-resistant S. Rissen strains (resistant to nalidixic acid, sulfamethizole, and carbanicillin) isolated from seafood in Cochin, India. Moreover, Spanish S. Rissen isolated from live mussels carried mcr-1 gene and other antimicrobial resistance genes (aac(6')-Iaa, aadA1, aadA2, blaTEM-1B, cmlA1, sul1, sul3, tet(A), and dfrA1)
Animal reservoir: Swine is the major animal reservoir of serovar Rissen, including pork production chain. However, S. Rissen can be also detected in seafoods.
Geographical distribution: Serotype Rissen has been reported especially in Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, China, and VietnamIndia, but also found in Italy, France, Spain.
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8. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.705044/full
9. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/epdf/10.1089/fpd.2008.0252
10. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.16.1900200