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Genetic characteristics: Pornsukarom et al. reported that all Thai Rissen isolates in this study were multidrug-resistant and more than 90% were resistant to ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline and streptomycin. Half of Rissen isolates in the USA were pan-sensitive and some of US isolates were resistant to only tetracycline.   Wang et al. identified Rissen human isolates (anal swabs or feces) had the common resistance profile as ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline.

Animal reservoir: Swine is the major animal reservoir of serovar Rissen, including pork production chain.

Geographical distribution: Serotype Rissen has been reported especially in Asian countries such as Thailand, China, and Vietnam, but also found in Italy, France, Spain. 

Human outbreaks: XX outbreaks linked to to Salmonella Rissen have been associated with SOURCES. Some examples are shown below. 

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