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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Virchow (antigenic formula 6,7,14:r:1,2 ) is a serovar of the O:7 (C₁) serogroup. S. Virchow is a serovar adapted to poultry, but also isolated from foodborne outbreaks not directly traced back to chicken products.  A 2010 report from Switzerland reported that S. Virchow was one of the 5 most common Salmonella serovars in Europe, with reports of 3^rd-generation cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistance.  Most often, S. Virchow infection causes gastrointestinal illness, but a 1984 report from Essex, England identified septicemic patients who suffered from neurological symptoms. The clone corresponding to the 2017 multi-country outbreak has been circulating in the EU poultry meat production chain at least in France, Germany, Ireland, and the Netherlands. 

NCBI PD link for serovar Virchow: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Virchow%22)

Genetic characteristics:

Animal reservoir:  Serovar Virchow is associated with poultry, but dog-to-human transmission has been reported Poultry is the main reservoir for serovar Virchow.

Geographical distribution:Serovar According to the metadata from NCBI PD, serovar Virchow has been reported in North America, Japan and Europe worldwide. In Scotland, serovar Virchow represented almost 25% of confirmed human salmonellosis cases, while in England and Wales, it was the third most common Salmonella serotype in humans, comprising 6% of isolates. However, its prevalence has significantly decreased, now accounting for less than 2% of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) cases in the UK. In Australia, especially Queensland, serovar Virchow has been endemic since the mid-1980s.

Human outbreaks:  

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³ This recall was caused by a multistate outbreak described above. Garden of Life, LLC extended its recall of RAW Meal Organic Shake & Meal chocolate, original, vanilla, and vanilla chai products on February 12, 2016, adding more lots to the list. 

Relevant links:

1. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4668861/
2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6867700/
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2235368/
4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45161822
5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9812398/
6. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/salmonella-virchow-st16-chicken-meat
7. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/virchow-02-16/index.html
8. https://www.marlerblog.com/legal-cases/largest-salmonella-outbreak-in-washington-2012-on-the-border/
9. https://www.makefoodsafe.com/infant-formula-and-salmonella/
10. https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(99)90712-0/abstract
11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5750404/
12. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/465794
13. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/438516
14. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/640654
15. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2016/03/outbreak-grows-garden-of-life-renames-recalled-protein-powder/#.Vx5kyUY5X4Y

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