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^a Multiple serovars, including Salmonella Altona, Cerro, Enteritidis, Indiana, Infantis, Johannesburg, Mbandaka, and Typhimurium, were linked to this outbreak. The case number represents the total number of cases associated with the outbreak and does not specifically indicate the number of people infected by Salmonella Typhimurium.

Border rejections: Multiple border rejections linked to Salmonella Typhimurium have been reported. The majority of them are associated with poultry and poultry products. Below are some examples.

Year	Exporting country	Importing country	Associated source	Product category
2025	Brazil	Netherlands	Frozen chicken meat	Poultry meat and poultry meat products
2024	Brazil	Portugal	Chicken gizzards	Poultry meat and poultry meat products
2023	Brazil	Netherlands	Fresh chicken meat	Poultry meat and poultry meat products
2021	Brazil	Germany	Black pepper¹	Herbs and spices
2021	Cameroon	Finland	Chilled waterleaves (Talinum triangulare)	Fruits and vegetables
2020	India	Germany	Dog chews (dried tripes)²	Feed materials

¹ Salmonella Gaminara, Agona, Typhimurium, Infantis, Rubislaw, and Saintpaul were found.

² Salmonella Typhimurium and Newport were found.

Recalls: Multiple recalls linked to Salmonella Typhimurium have been reported.

Year	Location	Recalled food	Type


2022	Ireland	Milled brown flaxseed from UK	Nuts, nut products and seeds

Genetic characteristics: Whole genome sequences for 27 strains of S. Typhimurium have been deposited at GenBank as of October, 2013. Genomic characteristics of the sequenced S. Typhimurium strains include (i) a genome size ranging from 4.82- 5.09 Mb, (ii) a mol G+C% of approx. 52.2, and (iii) 4,556 to 5,619 predicted genes. Most of the strains of S. Typhimurium contain a plasmid of approx. 90 kb that carry virulence genes (Salmonella virulence plasmid (SVP)). Large resistant plasmids of approx. 200 kb that represented different incompatibility types (e.g., IncHI1), have also been identified in S. Typhimurium. Prophages and genomic islands are important genomic components of serovar Typhimurium; for example, S. Typhimurium str. LT2 has four prophages (Fels-1, Fels-2, Gifsy-1, and Gifsy-2). Pathogenicity islands (SPIs) are found in all S. Typhimurium sequenced to date, this include SPIs-1 to 6, 9, 11 to 14, and 16; being SPI-14 specific to S. Typhimurium. In addition, some genomic islands are strain-specific; for example, S. Typhimurium MDR strain ST1660/06 has three strain-specific genomic islands that encode putative virulence and resistance genes. Genomic islands that encode antibiotic resistance appear to be a common feature of a number of S. Typhimurium MDR strains, these genomic islands include, e.g., Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) described in S. Typhimurium DT104 and genomic island GI-DT12 in S. Typhimurium T000240. The latest genomic island (GI-DT12) contains antibiotic resistance genes (i.e., bla(oxa-30), aadA1, qacEΔ1, and sul1, cat, and tetA) and virulence genes (i.e., the aerobactin iron-acquisition siderophore system (lutA and lucABC), and an iron transporter (sitABCD)).

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