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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (antigenic formula: 9,12[Vi]:d:–) is a serovar of the O:9 (D1) serogroup. 

S. Typhi causes typhoid fever, a life-threatening disease that is characterized by sustained fever as high as 103° to 104° F (39° to 40° C). In developed countries, this serovar is considered rare; however, in developing countries, it is among the top ten Salmonella serovars that caused disease in humans. S. Typhi kills approx. 600.000 people annually.According to World Health Organization (WHO), 

NCBI PD link for serovar Typhi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Typhi%22)

Relevant genetic Genetic characteristics: Plasmids and prophages have been identified in S. Typhi. For example, a resistant plasmid of 218 kb and seven prophages were detected in S. Typhi CT18. Up to 15 Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) have been detected in S. Typhi, these include SPI-1 to 7, 9, 11 to 13, and 15 to 18. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses have shown that S. Typhi (i) had a monophyletic origin approx. 50,000 years ago (ii) has suffered reductive evolution (approx. 200 genes are functionally inactive), (iii) belongs to clade A, according to den Bakker et al. (2011) classification, and (iv) has 349 gene families unique to this serovar.

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¹ The outbreak was associated with travel to Kos, Greece. 

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1. https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/45/5/fuab014/6159486
2. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6128363/
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2622843/
4. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/02/typhoid-outbreak-on-refugee-ship-in-netherlands-traced-to-raw-sewage
5. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/salmonella/2010/frozen-fruit-pulp-8-25-10.html#:~:text=Outbreak%20Investigation&text=Among%20interviewed%20ill%20persons%2C%207,brand%20frozen%20mamey%20fruit%20pulp.
6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15712078/
7. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/216736
8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30085190?seq=1
9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11092435/
10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2490935/
11. https://enajph.wikipediaaphapublications.org/wiki/1937_Croydon_typhoid_outbreakdoi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.28.5.644
12. https://enajph.wikipediaaphapublications.org/wiki/Mary_Mallondoi/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307434
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_typhoid_feverpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3959940/