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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Panama (antigenic formula 1,9,12:l,v:1,5) is a serovar of the O:9 (D₁) serogroup. Serovar Panama was first identified in 1931 after being isolated during a foodborne outbreak affecting US military personnel stationed in Panama. In Taiwan, a case of neonatal meningitis caused by serovar Panama was linked to consumption of contaminated breast milk. In Other than meningitis, septicemia and osteomyelitis have also been associated with serovar Panama infections. In Latin America, serovar Panama contributes substantially to the regional salmonellosis burden, with surveillance data from the 2000s indicating a confirmed incidence rate of 3.5 culture-positive cases per 100,000 population. Serovar Panama has been found to be an invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) serovar. Serovar Panama exhibits exceptional clinical invasiveness than most Salmonella serovars, with geographically consistent evidence of disproportionate systemic infection rates. In Martinique, it caused invasive infections 11 times more frequently. In England, 7% of serovar Panama isolates were from extraintestinal sites (vs. 2-3% for Salmonella Typhimurium/Enteritidis). In Taiwan, 70% of serovar Panama isolates were obtained from invasive cases compared to 12% for serovar Enteritidis. Australian epidemiological studies have also identified serovar Panama among the predominant iNTS serovars, demonstrating high invasiveness risk (odds ratios: 13.9, 15.26).

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