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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Napoli (antigenic formula 1,9,12:l,z₁₃:e,n,x) is a serovar of the O:9 (D₁) serogroup. This is a rare serovar, in the US only 19 cases were reported from 1999-2009. In other regions of the world S. Napoli is also rare, except for In 2006, serovar Napoli ranked 22nd in the Enter-net Salmonella database, accounting for 295 cases (0.28%) out of 105,635 reported across 29 European countries. Between 2000 and 2006, Europe saw a 140% rise in serovar Napoli infections, with over 87% of cases originating in France, Italy, and Switzerland. This serovar has been an emerging serovar in these three countries, particularly in Italy, where it is the fourth most frequent Salmonella serovar, responsible for 2-4% of human infections. Additionally, from 2010 to 2014, serovar Napoli was the leading cause of invasive salmonellosis, affecting 40 out of 687 cases—a notably higher invasive rate compared to other nontyphoidal serotypes. 

were it appears to have increased considerably. It was isolated from rucola and wild bird samples collected in Italy between 2004 and 2014 (Fisher et al., 2009; Mancini et al., 2014; Gori et al., 2018).  Although it is a nontyphodial nontyphodial Salmonella strain some if its symptoms, including a prolonged incubation period (7–14 days), high fever, bacteremia, and elevated rates of hospitalizations, are similar to those caused by typhoidal Salmonella. 

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Geographical distribution: Serovar Napoli has been reported in US, Canada, Australia, and Europe, mainly in UK and Italy. 

Human outbreaks:

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