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NCBI PD link for serovar Mikawasima: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(salmonella%20taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Mikawasima%22)

Genetic characteristics: According to Novak et al. (2024), all the outbreak-related isolates (n=75) were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, third-generation cephalosporins (36% to ceftriaxone and 47% to ceftazidime) and 40% of the isolates exhibited extended-spectrum β-lactamase production. In addition, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis revealed that three outbreak-related strains have the same resistance gene profile [bla_TEM-1B, aac(6')-Iaa, aac(6')-Im, and aph(2'')-Ib)]. 

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Geographical distribution: S. Serovar Mikawasima appears to be only present in some countries in Europe and Asia. frequently found in Europe but occasionally in other continents such as Asia and North America.

Human outbreaks: 

Border rejections: There have been no recent border rejections linked to this serovar. 

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Relevant links:

1. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/SALM_AER_2019_Report_Final.pdf
2. https://www.croris.hr/crosbi/publikacija/prilog-skup/729181
3. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2019/11/uk-bears-brunt-of-multi-country-salmonella-outbreak/#google_vignette
4. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2018/09/rare-salmonella-strain-sickens-50-in-five-eu-countries/
5. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/RRA-unusual-increase-salmonella-mikawasima-cases-in-EU-EEA-28-november-2013.pdf
6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8270007/
7. https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/420202http://www.geostrategicforecasting.com/proahedr-salmonellosis-serotype-mikawashima-2/

1. http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00004462_86509.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13889310
2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38330414/https://www.croris.hr/crosbi/publikacija/prilog-skup/729181