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NCBI PD link for serovar Goldcoast: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Goldcoast%20or%20Brikama%22)

Genetic characteristics: ST358 and ST2529 are the predominant lineages of serovar Goldcoast. Multidrug-resistant Goldcoast strains are primarily associated with the ST358 lineage in humans and the ST2529 lineage in livestock. The majority of isolates exhibited resistance to ampicillin (58%), ampicillin/sulbactam (53%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (50%). Additionally, a portion of isolates showed resistance to azithromycin (21%), piperacillin/tazobactam (15%), ceftriaxone (12%), aztreonam (12%), ciprofloxacin (14%), levofloxacin (8%), cefepime (10%), and ceftazidime (8%). However, all strains remained susceptible to imipenem. The ST358 lineage of serovar Goldcoast is estimated to have emerged in the United Kingdom in 1969 and subsequently spread to China. Both countries are considered central hubs for the global dissemination of the ST358 lineage. A Taiwanese study revealed that nosocomial outbreak of salmonellosis was caused by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella Goldcoast strains carrying the bla_OXA-48 gene. These OXA-48–producing XDR strains remain susceptible to ceftazidime/avibactam. Based on the analysis of virulence factors in pathogenic Goldcoast strains, Yuan et al. identified that the gene encoded by K19231 in JS33 is associated with the upaH gene. This gene regulates the AIDA-I type autotransporter protein, which is a rarely glycosylated protein.

Animal reservoir: Serovar Goldcoast has been isolated from swine and cattle.

Geographical distribution: Serovar Goldcoast appears to be mainly distributed in several European countries but can be found in countries like Taiwan. 

OutbreaksHuman outbreaks: Currently, all reported outbreaks linked to serovar Goldcoast have occurred in Europe. Below are some examples. 

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¹ This recall was caused by the Dutch outbreak described above. As well as Belgium, 14 other countries including Austria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom received pig meat products. 

Relevant links:

1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972307746X
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213716522000753
3. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1540843/full
4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11273392/
5. https://academic.oup.com/ofid/article/6/12/ofz447/5679784
6. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2018/12/eus-notable-2018-food-safety-events/
7. https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.49.20654
8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23517871/
9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16794290/#:~:text=International%20outbreak%20of%20Salmonella%20Goldcoast%20infection%20in,Majorca%2C%20September%2DOctober%202005:%20final%20summary.%20Euro%20Surveill.
10. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/outbreak-of-salmonella-goldcoast-infections-linked-to-consumption-of-fermented-sausage-germany-2001/60A4E89BD2F100CEC9AEBC5D7BB1885F
11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2082881/
12. https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2018/12/belgian-agency-issues-warning-about-meat-linked-to-salmonella-outbreak