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Background: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gaminara (antigenic formula 16:d:1,7) is a serovar of the O:16 (I) serogroup. This serovar was commonly isolated from unpasteurized fruit and vegetable juices.
NCBI PD link for serovar Gaminara: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/isolates/#(taxgroup_name:%22Salmonella%20enterica%22)%20AND%20computed_types:(%22serotype=Gaminara%22)
Animal reservoir: Salmonella Gaminara was found in chicken and bearded dragons.
Geographical distribution: Serovar Gaminara has been mainly found in Africa, Singapore, and the U.S the US and European countries such as the UK.
Human outbreaks: Outbreaks have been associated with S. Gaminara.
| Year | Location | Associated source | Number of cases | 1995|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | US: | FLUnpasteurized orange juice | 62multistate | Maradol papayas | 22012017 | |
| 1995 | US: | Multi-stateFL | Unpasteurized orange juice | Maradol papayas | 22062 | 2 |
2: 1: Salmonella Hartford was also associated with the outbreak. A total of 220 people infected with the outbreak strains of Salmonella Thompson (144), Salmonella Kiambu (54), Salmonella Agona (12), Salmonella Gaminara (7), orand Salmonella Senftenberg (3) were reported from 23 states.
2 Salmonella Hartford and Gaminara were both associated with the outbreak.
Border rejections: Multiple border rejections associated with serovar Gaminara have been reported and they are all linked to black pepper from Brazil. Here are some examples.
Year | Exporting country | Importing country | Associated source | Product category |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper1 | Herbs and spices |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper2 | Herbs and spices |
| 2021 | Brazil | Germany | Black pepper3 | Herbs and spices |
1 Salmonella Gaminara, Matadi and Poona were found.
2 Salmonella Gaminara, Saintpaul, and Javiana were found.
3 Salmonella Gaminara, Minnesota, and Newport were found.
...
Relevant links and references:
- https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/kiambu-07-17/index.html
- https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/188128
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/469498
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/466524
- https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/rasff-window/screen/notification/464612
- https://listserv.state.nv.us/scripts/wa.exe?A2=ind2001&L=FOODSAFEPARTNER&D=0&H=A&P=937
- https://journals.lww.com/infectdis/fulltext/2007/09000/salmonella_gaminara_osteomyelitis_and_septic.13.aspx
- https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/kiambu-07-17/index.html
- https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/cornwell_claudia_m_200112_ms.pdf
- https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.31.22270114v2.fullhttps://www.reliasmedia.com/articles/39857-more-bad-news-even-orange-juice-is-a-risk-for-i-salmonellosis-i