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Background information: Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (antigenic formula 1,9,12:–:–) is a serovar of the O:9 (D1) serogroup. This serovar has two biovars: Gallinarum, and Pullorum. Biovar Gallinarum has been found to show host specificity for aquatic birds, and poultry and can cause fowl typhoid (acute or chronic septicemiaFT) in birds of any age, often spreading through adult flocks. Fowl typhoid FT can spread through ingestion, such as contaminated food, water, or cannibalism, as well as through the respiratory system. Live attenuated vaccines (SG9R) to prevent fowl typhoid FT were first created in 1956 with the development of the Gallinarum rough strain. Since serovar Gallinarum relies solely on domestic and aquatic fowl as its reservoir, as a result, the test-and-slaughter approach implemented through surveillance programs successfully eradicated the serovar from commercial poultry flocks in in the United States, England, and Wales by the 1970s.
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