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Six million children a year, mostly under the age of five, die from lack of access to clean water and sanitation every year. Distributing untreated surface waters as drinking water is one of the causes of waterborne disease. Point of Use and municipal scale treatment schemes are two potential solutions. In recent years, centralized large-scale water treatment and supply systems have been seen as an unsustainable expensive strategy to provide safe drinking water in low-income countries. Often, conventional technologies developed for use in the first world have been inserted in third world settings, which lack ready access to supply chains, trained technicians, and sufficient capital. These systems so frequently fail.

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