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\begin_body

\begin_layout Title
Linear Chemical Dose Controller Spring 2013 Final Report
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Andrea Castro, Kent Chan, Saugat Ghimire
\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
May 10, 2013
\end_layout

\begin_layout Abstract
Accurate chemical dosing is an essential part of an AguaClara plant.
 Proper dosing is required for effective flocculation, sedimentation, filtration
 and disinfection.
 Coagulant (Poly Aluminum Chloride or Alum) and disinfectant (Chlorine)
 are chemicals used for dosing in an AguaClara plant.
 The linear chemical dose controller (LCDC) automatically maintains a linear
 relationship between the influent flow to the plant and the chemical dose.
 The plant operator therefore only adjusts the dose of coagulant based on
 the turbidity of the influent water.
 The Spring 2013 team has had two lever-arm assemblies fabricated by Hancock
 Precision based on the Fall 2012 design with additional improvements, such
 as having one end rod of the lever arm made up entirely of stainles steel
 instead of having a stainless steel rod placed over the aluminum rod and
 substituting anodization of the lever arm with powder coating, as the latter
 is more resistant to a corrosive environment.
 One unit has been sent to Honduras and the other is expected to be utilized
 in India.
 In addition to this, we have fabricated the manifold system out of PVC,
 a chemical resistant material.
 
\shape italic
\emph on
Through application of the orifice equation, we sized the constant head
 tank 
\shape default
\emph default
float valve orifice.
 
\shape italic
\emph on
Through application of a statics equation we determined that the float valve
 size could be reduced, allowing the use of a standard 5-gallon bucket for
 the constant head tank.
 We fabricated a constant head tank, suspended by a chain and attached to
 a turnbuckle, which can be easily adjusted during calibration.
 We have set up a fully functional unit of the coagulant dosing component
 of the dose controller in the lab, calibrated the unit, and tested the
 system at our maximum flow rate to compare how the system behaves compared
 to the model prediction and were below ten percent error.
 We created a detailed 3-D drawing in Google Sketchup of the current design
 of the linear chemical doser system including all appurtenances, in addition
 to creating a parts list, to facilitate future fabrications and assembly.
 This will not only be helpful for future groups to better understand the
 dose controller but also make it easier for the manufacturers to build
 it in the future.
 We also came up with ideas for protecting the entrance tank floats as water
 enters the plants at some locations in Honduras, to reduce dosing error.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Accurate chemical dosing in water treatment plants is imperative to ensure
 optimal efficiency of flocculation and disinfection.
 Linear chemical dose controller (LCDC) and linear flow orifice meter (LFOM)
 systems have been designed to allow plant operators to easily and reliably
 set and maintain the desired doses of coagulant and disinfectant.
 The combined system adjusts the chemical flow rate automatically in response
 to changes in plant flow rate to maintain the target chemical dose without
 requiring an electronic supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
 system.
 A linear relationship between head loss and chemical flow in the LCDC is
 created by using the major head loss through a small diameter tube to control
 the chemical flow rate.
 The dose controller design minimizes minor losses through the chemical
 flow control system to reduce the error from non-linearities.
 The LCDC adjusts for plant flow rate changes by tracking the water level
 in the entrance tank to the water treatment plant.
 The LFOM maintains a linear relationship between height of water in the
 entrance tank and plant flow rate to create a linear input to the LCDC.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The new linear chemical dose controller design reduces the error associated
 both with the weight of the sliders in high flow rate plants and by reducing
 the non-linear effects of curved small diameter tubing.
 The new design also has the possibility of reducing the cost of chemical
 dosing by keeping the flow rates closer to the theoretical ideal rather
 than over dosing in the middle range of chemical flow rates.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Two lever arm assemblies have been fabricated based on the Fall 2012 design
 with additional improvements.
 One is available for testing in the laboratory, and the other has been
 transported to Honduras for implementation in a water treatment plant.
 The system in the lab has been sized and tested to supply coagulant for
 a design flow rate of 32 liters per second (L/s) in San Nicolás, Honduras.
 During Spring 2013, the lever arm assembly drawing was updated to reflect
 the latest design.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Literature Review
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Mathematical Development
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Governing Equations
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The linear chemical dose controller (LCDC) uses major head loss and a constant
 head tank, which maintain a constant driving head elevation to regulate
 chemical flow to the water treatment plant.
 The relationship between major head loss and the chemical flow rate is
 given by the Hagen-Poiseuille Equation, Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:hagen-poiseuille"

\end_inset

.
 The chemical flow rate (
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{C}$
\end_inset

) is a function of the major head loss (
\begin_inset Formula $h_{f}$
\end_inset

), the diameter of the tube (
\begin_inset Formula $D_{Tube}$
\end_inset

), the kinematic viscosity of the solution being used (
\begin_inset Formula $\upsilon$
\end_inset

) and the length of the small diameter tube (
\begin_inset Formula $L_{Tube}$
\end_inset

)
\series bold
.
\series default

\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
Q_{C}=\frac{h_{f}g\pi D_{Tube}^{4}}{128\nu L_{Tube}}\label{eq:hagen-poiseuille}
\end{equation}

\end_inset

The Hagen-Poiseuille Equation assumes that the chemical flow used is laminar
 (see Spring 2011 Final Report, Introduction to Current Research section
 for an explanation on how this laminar flow is ensured), viscous and incompress
ible.
 This equation also assumes that the flow in the tube passes through a constant,
 circular cross-section that is significantly longer than its given diameter.
 When the Hagen-Poiseuille equation is rearranged in regards to the major
 head loss (
\begin_inset Formula $h_{f}$
\end_inset

), one can see that this variable increases proportionally as the length
 of the small diameter tube (
\begin_inset Formula $L_{Tube}$
\end_inset

) is increased as shown in Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:major head"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
h_{f}=\frac{128Q_{C}\nu L_{Tube}}{g\pi D_{Tube}^{4}}\label{eq:major head}
\end{equation}

\end_inset

The total head loss through the system (
\begin_inset Formula $H_{Total}$
\end_inset

) is the sum of the major (
\begin_inset Formula $h_{f}$
\end_inset

) and minor (
\begin_inset Formula $h_{e}$
\end_inset

) head losses.
 Major losses are due to viscous shear on the pipe walls whereas minor losses
 are due to various flow expansions as shown in Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:totalHead"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
H_{Total}=h_{f}+h_{e}\label{eq:totalHead}
\end{equation}

\end_inset

Substituting equations for major and minor losses results in Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:rearrangedTotalHead"

\end_inset

.
 The LCDC system is designed so that the first term, which is the contribution
 due to major loss, dominates versus the second term, which is the contribution
 due to minor loss.
 This is done to maintain a linear relationship between 
\begin_inset Formula $H_{Total}$
\end_inset

and 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{C}$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
H_{Total}=\frac{128Q_{C}\nu L_{Tube}}{g\pi D_{Tube}^{4}}+\frac{8Q_{C}^{2}K_{e}}{g\pi^{2}D_{Tube}^{4}}\label{eq:rearrangedTotalHead}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Sizing the Float Valve Orifice in the Constant Head Tank
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The maximum coagulant flow rate, 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{Coag}$
\end_inset

, is 
\begin_inset Formula $7.7\, mL/s$
\end_inset

 for a plant flow rate of 
\begin_inset Formula $32\, L/s$
\end_inset

, a maximum coagulant dose, 
\begin_inset Formula $C_{CoagMax}$
\end_inset

, of 
\begin_inset Formula $40\, mg/L$
\end_inset

 and a stock coagulant concentration, 
\begin_inset Formula $C_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

, of 
\begin_inset Formula $166.7\, g/L$
\end_inset

, as shown by Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:QCoag"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\emph on
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
Q_{Coag}=\frac{Q_{Plant}C_{CoagMax}}{C_{CoagStock}}\label{eq:QCoag}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The float valve diameter of 
\begin_inset Formula $0.142$
\end_inset

 inches, or 
\begin_inset Formula $0.36$
\end_inset

 centimeters, was sized through application of the orifice equation, where
 
\begin_inset Formula $Q$
\end_inset

 is the chemical flow rate, the Vena Contracta value,
\begin_inset Formula $\Pi_{VC}$
\end_inset

, is 0.62, 
\begin_inset Formula $g$
\end_inset

 is the gravitational constant, and the height difference between the water
 in the constant head tank and the water leaving the stock tank, 
\begin_inset Formula $\Delta h$
\end_inset

, is 30 centimeters, as shown by Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Orifice Diameter"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
d=2\sqrt{\frac{2Q}{\pi\Pi_{VC}\sqrt{2g\Delta h}}}\label{eq:Orifice Diameter}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection*
Sizing the Float in the Constant Head Tank Float Valve Assembly
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One important goal for the LCDC team is to minimize the size of the constant
 head tank (CHT) so that it is easier to make height adjustjments of the
 CHT during calibration.
 The float assembly in the CHT is comprised of a float, rod, and valve.
 With this current flow rate, the existing float is minimally submerged.
 Therefore, through application of a statics equation, we determined that
 we can use a smaller float that is more submerged, and therefore use a
 smaller CHT.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Since the coagulant flow pressure is only 0.43 pounds per square inch (2.96
 kPa), the float only needs to withstand a flow rate of 8 mL/s, and the
 area of the orifice is 0.187 inches (4.75 millimeters), a large force is
 not required to close the valve.
 The force required, independent of the weight of the ball and rod, is about
 0.1 Newtons.
 Through application of Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Buoyancy Eqn"

\end_inset

, and using a static equation for torque as shown in Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Torque Eqn"

\end_inset

, we determined that the size of the float could be significantly reduced.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\emph on
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
F_{b}=V\left(\%V_{submerged}\right)\gamma\label{eq:Buoyancy Eqn}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Rearrangment of Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Buoyancy Eqn"

\end_inset

 produces Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Re-arranged Buoyancy Eqn"

\end_inset

:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\emph on
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
\%V_{submerged}=\frac{F_{b}}{V}\gamma\label{eq:Re-arranged Buoyancy Eqn}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\emph on
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
\tau=r\times f\label{eq:Torque Eqn}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The previous float, a 4 inch by 5 inch (10.16 centimeter by 12.7 centimeter)
 ellipsoid float only needed to be submerged by approximately two percent.
 In contrast, a very small float, (a cylinder with a radius of 1 centimeter
 and a height of two centimeters) needs to be submerged by 89%.
 Therefore, a smaller float that has more submerged volume can be used in
 the CHT; a comparison is shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Comparison-of-Float"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Based on our calculations, it should be possible to use a standard 5-gallon
 (19 liter) bucket, which is guaranteed to be available in all our deployment
 areas.
 This will help to further standardize our plant designs, and ensure that
 it is possible to create a unified set of instructions.
 Additionally, even the smallest bulb is likely to provide a sufficent force
 to close the orfice when full, as the force is so small.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\emph on
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center

\emph on
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/Comparison of Float Sizes.jpg
	lyxscale 5
	scale 5

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Comparison of Float Sizes in CHT
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Comparison-of-Float"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Previous Work
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Past LCDC designs assumed that the length of the small diameter tube was
 sufficient to ensure that the major head losses dominated the system.
 These designs also assumed that the linear relationship between the chemical
 flow rate and the major head loss would be maintained, as shown in the
 Hagen-Poiseuille Equation (see Equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:hagen-poiseuille"

\end_inset

).
 However, during the Spring 2011 semester, the LCDC team observed quadratic
 tendencies in the relationship between head and chemical flow (see Spring
 2011 Final Report Initial Laboratory Results section for an analysis of
 the experiments that produced these results).
 Minor head losses result from flow expansions through the system and are
 proportional to the square of the chemical flow rate.
 When the Spring 2011 LCDC team observed these results, they designed a
 method to model the magnitude of the minor head losses and sought to eliminate
 their sources.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Summer 2011 LCDC team discovered that a large percentage of the minor
 losses originated from the curvature of the small diameter tube.
 To reduce this minor loss, the small diameter tube was straightened by
 using a PVC trough, which was done by moving the stock tank and CHT from
 being mounted on a frame to being placed at a further distance away.
 Another method developed to minimize minor losses, which originate from
 expansions and curves, was to use smaller barbed connectors than necessary
 for the inner diameter of the small diameter tubing used.
 This greatly reduced the minor losses throughout the system.
 The Fall 2011 team focused on eliminating minor losses in the system and
 further developing the calibration methods.
 The Spring 2012 team focused on the design of a triple doser to dose coagulant
 prior to flocculation, dose coagulant before the filter and dose disinfectant
 after the filter.
 However it has been since decided that dosing coagulant before the filter
 is unnessecary.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Summer 2012 design included a two-sided lever arm, two dosing tubes,
 and a sleeker design that contains fewer minor losses and improved aesthetics.
 The Fall 2012 team
\emph on
 
\emph default
devised a drop tube connection design to reduce leakage, added cross bracing
 to the lever arm assembly to reduce bending of the lever arms, devised
 a new calibration device to enable fine-tuned adjustments, had the lever
 arm anodized, added a modified weight, and had the label, scale and logo
 mechanically engraved on the lever arm.
 An assembly drawing created in Google SketchUp showing all of the LCDC
 components and dimensioned drawings are shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:LCDC-Assembly"

\end_inset

 below.
 A video showing the flow of chemicals through the system can be viewed
 from the following link: 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "Linear Chemical Dose Controller Video"
target "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nA824OvTNrs&feature=youtu.be"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/System with Labels.jpg
	lyxscale 30
	scale 30

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/Lever Arm Dimensions Front View.jpg
	lyxscale 30
	scale 30

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/Lever Arm Dimensions Iso View.jpg
	lyxscale 30
	scale 30

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Linear Chemical Doser Controller Assembly Drawing (top) and dimensioned
 drawings of the lever arm (below).
 Note: When the lever arm is level and there is no flow through the system,
 the drop tube hole is aligned with the pivot point, and the center of the
 slider window is positioned 3.175 centimeters (1.250 inches) to the left
 of the pivot point, at zero on the scale
\emph on

\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:LCDC-Assembly"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Methods
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
LCDC System Laboratory Setup
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\emph on
\noun on
T
\emph default
\noun default
he main constraint for building the LCDC test system in the laboratory is
 the wall length in the lab (2.74 meters).
 Another constraint is using a readily available size of tubing, which is
 1/8 inch, 0.3175 centimeters, for Honduras.
 The length constraint was adjusted in the AguaClara design files until
 a tube diameter of 1/8 inches resulted.
 Specifying a maximum length of 1.829 meters (6 feet), and other parameters
 shown below resulted in a dosing tube length of 1.308 meters.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Target plant flow rate: 32 L/s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Dosing tube diameter: 0.3175 centimeters (1/8 inches)
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Maximum coagulant dose: 40 mg/L
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Maximum coagulant flow rate: 8 mL/s
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Coagulant stock concentration:
\emph on
 
\emph default
166.7 g/L
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Dosing tube length: 1.308 meters (4.292 feet).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Coagulant-Dosing-Tube"

\end_inset

 depicts the coagulant dosing tube, PVC manifold and PVC trough, with dimensions.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/Coagulant PVC Manifold and Dosing Tube Dimensions.jpg
	lyxscale 60
	scale 60

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Coagulant Dosing Tube Dimensions
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Coagulant-Dosing-Tube"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
LCDC Calibration
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The LCDC can be calibrated as follows:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Add water to the entrance tank to ensure that the lever arm assembly adjusts
 properly to changes in flow.
 If it does not, then the entrance tank float is not sufficiently sensitive
 to changes in water height and will need to be modified.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Move the slider to the pivot point (zero flow).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
As a starting point, measure the following heights, using the floor as a
 common reference:
\end_layout

\begin_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
height of the water entering the drop tube.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
height of the inlet to the constant head tank (CHT) from the stock tank
 (i.e.
 the height of the float valve inlet on the CHT).
\end_layout

\end_deeper
\begin_layout Enumerate
Adjust the height of the CHT by shortening the chain or adjusting the length
 of the CHT turnbuckle until the above-mentioned heights are approximately
 equal.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Set the height of the water in the entrance tank to zero to simulate a zero
 flow condition.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Run water through the system and ensure that air is not trapped in the system
 (push any air bubbles out by squeezing the tube exiting the constant head
 tank).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Re-adjust the height of the lever arm assembly until there is no flow through
 the system.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Level the lever arm assembly using the float chain for course adjustments
 and the turnbuckle for fine adjustments.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Repeat steps 5 through 8 until the lever arm assembly is level and flow
 rate is zero; this calibrates the lever arm assembly at zero flow.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Raise the height of the entrance tank water level to 20 centimeters above
 the current level (the maximum flow rate through the LFOM).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Move the slider to the 100 percent dosage setting (the maximum percent dosage).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Measure the flow rate using a graduated cylinder for one minute.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
If the flow is lower than the desired maximum chemical flow, evacuate water
 from the system and cut the dosing tubes by a small amount.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Place water back into the system ensuring all air has been removed.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Enumerate
Repeat steps 11 through 13 until the maximum flow is reached and the system
 is fully calibrated.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*

\shape italic
\emph on
Manifold Design
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We created a PVC manifold with ball valves to allow each dosing tube to
 be closed if needed; see Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:PVC Manifold"

\end_inset

.
 The manifold can accommodate an extra dosing tube to allow the flow to
 be adjusted or to allow for maintenance.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/PVC Manifold.jpg
	lyxscale 5
	scale 5

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PVC Manifold
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:PVC Manifold"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*

\shape italic
\emph on
Drop Tube Design
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The rigid PVC pipe in the drop tube assembly, as shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Drop-Tube"

\end_inset

, has been designed for a length of 73 centimeters, which is the height
 difference between the top of the entrance tank wall and the sedimentation
 tank exit weir for the plant in San Nicolás.
 We are using a rigid PVC pipe to allow for a maximum free fall height at
 the above mentioned length to ensure that water is present at the bottom
 of the drop tube, which will improve chemical conveyance.
 A flexible tube, which can stretch and bend depending on the chemical dose,
 extends from the drop tube to the rapid mix unit.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/Drop Tube2.jpg
	lyxscale 10
	scale 10

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Drop Tube
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Drop-Tube"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*

\shape italic
\emph on
Laboratory Setup
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We created a laboratory setup to test for coagulant dosing and labeled all
 system components, as shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Laboratory-Set-Up,-as"

\end_inset

below.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/Plant Setup.jpg
	lyxscale 10
	scale 10

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Laboratory Set-Up
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Laboratory-Set-Up,-as"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*

\shape italic
\emph on
Fabricating a New Chemical Dose Controller
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\shape italic
\emph on
Hancock Precision provided a new quote to fabricate the lever arm assembly
 because the previous quote did not include the design modifications made
 during Fall 2012.
 The cost included the total price for various unit quantities.
 The more units that are constructed, the cheaper the unit cost because
 the initial setup of machinery is most costly but can be automated for
 subsequent units, see Table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Unit Costs"

\end_inset

 for production costs.
 Therefore, after receiving approval from Monroe, we ordered two units,
 as shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Fabricated-Lever-Arm"

\end_inset

 below, to be fabricated by Hancock Precision instead of by the Cornell
 Machine shop because it was determined to be more cost-efficient.
 If the unit were to have been fabricated by the Cornell Machine Shop, material
 costs alone are about $100 per unit and anodizing is $200 per unit, which
 would have only allowed for 5 hours of shop time per unit at $40 per hour.
 One unit is in Honduras and the other is currently in the lab and expected
 to be deployed to India.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/Lever Arm Assembly Sp 2013.jpg
	lyxscale 10
	scale 10

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Fabricated Lever Arm
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Fabricated-Lever-Arm"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*

\shape italic
\emph on
Anodization Issues
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\shape italic
\emph on
We decided to use powder coating instead of anodization because powder coating
 is less vulnerable to prolonged exposure to sunlight and to a corrosive
 environment.
 After talking with Hancock Precision and doing research online, we found
 that the main reason the anodized parts turned purple was a combination
 of low quality dye (dye with low lightfastness) and an improper seal causing
 the dye to leach out.
 There are different qualities of dyes available in the market.
 Dyes of lower quality tend to fade or turn purple or green if exposed to
 light for an extended period of time.
 Hancock Precision sent samples of an anodized coating and powder coating.
 We left both the samples in bleach for a full day and found out that the
 color of the anodized sample faded while the powder coat did not appear
 to have any damage.
 Additionally, use of powder coating will enable the stainless steel weight
 to be coated on the end of the lever arm, since anodization cannot be performed
 on stainless steel materials.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Adjustable Constant Head Tank Height
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We created an adjustable constant head tank similar to a hanging plant that
 can be adjusted by shortening the chain that it is suspended from or adjusting
 the turnbuckle, as shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Adjustable-Constant-Head"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/Adjustable CHT.jpg
	lyxscale 20
	scale 20

\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Adjustable Constant Head Tank Design
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Adjustable-Constant-Head"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Production of the Doser
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We have discussed the possibility of having the dose controller manufactured
 by AguaClara, LLC or produced locally in the host country.
 One option is to have several lever arm assemblies built at one time, to
 lower the unit cost, by a machine shop in the US such as Hancock Precision
 on behalf of AguaClara, LLC (a sample quote is shown below in Table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Unit Costs"

\end_inset

).
 Another option is to take a prototype or detailed specification sheets
 to the host country and determine if the lever arm could be produced at
 a machine shop in the host country, which is largely dependent on the condition
s of the host country.
 The remaining system components are universal enough that they could be
 found in the host country (buckets, chains, PVC fittings, etcetera).
 However, it needs to be emphasized that any fitting be comprised of materials
 resistant to chlorine, such as PVC or PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and
 not nylon, polypropylene or stainless steel, to prevent rapid deterioration
 of equipment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\align center

\emph on
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
centering
\end_layout

\end_inset


\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="5" columns="2">
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
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Number of Units
\end_layout

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Unit Cost
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1
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$822.50
\end_layout

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2
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$475
\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_inset Text

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4
\end_layout

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$350
\end_layout

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10
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$285
\end_layout

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</lyxtabular>

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\emph default

\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Unit Cost of Production
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Unit Costs"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Experimental Data
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We tested the doser at the maximum plant flow rate and the maximum coagulant
 dose rate (100%), using both water and coagulant.
 We measured the flow rate by measuring the mass of the water and dividing
 by the time and density.
 For 14 data points, seen below in table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Water"

\end_inset

, the flow rate ranged from 6.6 mL/s to 7.8 mL/s with an average of 7.2 mL/s,
 which is below the MathCad estimate of 7.7 mL/s.
 We also tested the flow using coagulant (Alum), and the density, which
 we measured by dividing a known volume by its mass, which was very close
 to that of tap water.
 The flow rate of the coagulant was an average of 7.7 ml/s, which can be
 seen in table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Coagulant"

\end_inset

.
 This is faster than the average flow with pure water, and within ten percent
 error of the MathCAD prediction.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
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status open

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\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
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\end_layout

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Water
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\begin_inset Caption

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Coagulant
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Coagulant"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Universal Lever Arm Label
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
We decided to use the periodic table symbols for the lever arm, rather than
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Coagulant
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Chlorine
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

, to make the labels universal.
 Since both of the coagulants currently in use at water treatment plants
 are aluminum based, the coagulant symbol would be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Al
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 while the Chlorine symbol would be 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Cl
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Retrofits to Existing Plants
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\shape italic
\emph on
After speaking with Drew Hart, a current AguaClara volunteer in Honduras,
 it was suggested that retrofitting existing plants is not a priority since
 the plants already have functional units and the operators in these plants
 are already familiar with how the doser in these plants function.
 Therefore, we did not address this challenge this semester.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection*
Future Work
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Future teams could set up the disinfectant system in the laboratory, in
 adddition to the existing coagulant system, to test how the system functions
 concurrently and to determine if adjusting one side of the lever arm will
 cause error in the other chemical dose.
 Additionally, the Design Tool needs to be updated to reflect the current
 design.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section*
Appendix
\end_layout

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Parts List
\end_layout

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\begin_inset Caption

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Example list of components for the LCDC
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LatexCommand label
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.
 This listing is for a LCDC designed for a 
\begin_inset Formula $32\,\frac{L}{s}$
\end_inset

 water treatment plant.
 Depending on the plant capacity, different quantities or sizes may be required.
\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

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Description and Explanation
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Varies from Plant to Plant? (Yes or No)
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	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/alrecbars.png
	scale 50

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Lever arm:
\end_layout

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\end_inset
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\end_layout

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Multipurpose Aluminum (Alloy 6061) 1" Square, 1' Length
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Plastic-Head Thumb Screws (2)
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	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/91185ac1s.png
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\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
Locks the sliders on the lever arm in place: Plastic-Head Thumb Screw Black
 Knurled Head, 10-32 Thread, 1" Length
\end_layout

\end_inset
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Lever arm cross bracing:
\end_layout

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Steel Rod (1)
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\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/RudyPicsCDC/419niyVFFtL._SL500_AA300_.jpg
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\end_layout

\end_inset
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used as the counterweight against the float, on the opposite end of the
 lever arm from where the entrance tank float is connected: 6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 long total (0.5
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

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\begin_inset Quotes erd
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 diameter to accomodate the slider and the center 5
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 is 1-3/4
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\begin_inset Text

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	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/turnbuckle.png
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\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Calibration device: used to make fine tune adjustments to the height of
 the LFOM float and attached to the end rod of the lever arm.
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	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/CharlottePipe&FoundryCo.bmp
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\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
LFOM float: Charlotte Pipe and Foundry Co.
 6
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 PVC with hook screwed into lid
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\end_inset
</cell>
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\begin_inset Text

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\end_layout

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<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

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Chain (3')
\end_layout

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	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/chain.JPG
	lyxscale 10
	scale 10

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used to attach the LFOM float to the turnbuckle on the lever arm assembly
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#standard-chain/=mhbkde"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Float hook (1)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/float hook.JPG
	lyxscale 5
	scale 5

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used to attach the chain to the LFOM float
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#rigging-hooks/=mhblcy"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PVC Drop Tube (2)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/imgres.jpg
	lyxscale 20
	scale 20

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The point of discharge from the LCDC into the water supply.
 3/4
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 clear rigid PVC pipe
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#standard-pvc-tubing/=mhblz7"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Yes, varies with height of entrance tank in relation to the sediment tank
 weir
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PVC Drop Tube Elbow (2)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/barbed elbow.JPG
	lyxscale 5
	scale 5

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used to attach the tee in the drop tube assembly to the tubing from the
 manifold.
 1/2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 NPT x 3/8
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 Tube ID
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=28021&catid=551"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Shoulder Screws (2)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/97345ac1l.png
	lyxscale 15
	scale 15

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used to allow the lever arm assembly to pivot along the mounting bracket
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#shoulder-screws/=mhb4at"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Brackets and Braces for Aluminum T-Slotted Framing
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/47065t18p2-i02fl.png
	lyxscale 25
	scale 25

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Bracket to mount the lever arm to the outer entrance tank wall, and to set
 up a frame during laboratory testing:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Aluminum Inch T-Slotted Framing System Extended Plate, Double, 8-Hole, for
 1" Extrusion
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#47065T174"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
End-Feed Fasteners for Aluminum T-Slotted Framing
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/47065t97p2l.png
	lyxscale 25
	scale 25

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/47065t97p1l.png
	lyxscale 35
	scale 35

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Screws and fasteners to connect brackets and braces to the framing.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#aluminum-t-slotted-framing-fasteners/=mhb7bj"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Constant Head Tank (2)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/CHT 5 Gallon bucket.jpg
	lyxscale 20
	scale 20

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Standard 5-gallon bucket with a hole drilled in the side to attach the float
 and a hole drilled in the bottom center for the through-wall barbed fitting.
 The cover prevents contamination of the chemical by particles in the air,
 but does not make the container air-tight.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#4269T38"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Yes; varies in relation to the size of the float required.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Constant Head Tank Float (2)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Images/CHT Float Square.jpg
	lyxscale 15
	scale 15

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/float_valve.jpeg
	lyxscale 15
	scale 15

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/float-rods.jpeg
	lyxscale 30
	scale 30

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
The float valve is attached to the side of the constant head tank, and keeps
 the water level constant inside the CHT: Kerick Float Ball PF45, 3/8″ MIP
 inlet and outlet, 0.187″ orifice.
 Float Ball and 3
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 metal rod with 1-4/20
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 thread
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://184.173.229.127/~kerick/float-valves/ps0505xxx/"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.floatvalve.com/items/float-balls/float-ball-pf224.html"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.floatvalve.com/floatrods.html"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Yes; the size of the orifice in the float valve depends can be determined
 by the orifice equation, which depends on the chemical flow rate.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Chemical-Resistant Clear PVC Tubing (20')
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/5231kp8s.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Conveys water from the drop tube to the manifold, the CHT to PVC, and the
 CHT to the stock tank:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Clear PVC Tubing Chemical, 3/8" ID, 1/2" OD
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#chemical-resistant-clear-pvc-tubing/=mhbn64"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Standard-Wall/ Schedule 40 PVC Unthreaded Pipe (1)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/48925kp1s.png
	lyxscale 50
	scale 25

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Conveys water from the constant head tank to the dosing tubes:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PVC Unthreaded Pipe 1/2 Pipe Size X 10' Length
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#standard-pvc-pipe/=mhbmvk"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Yes; the approximate length depends on the length of the dosing tubes.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PVC Coupling
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/4738tp4l.png
	lyxscale 25
	scale 25

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used to shorten PVC length if needed: Couplings, Female Socket Ends
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#standard-pvc-pipe-couplings/=mhbgm7"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PVC Pipe Fitting 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/4596kp1s.png
	lyxscale 60
	scale 60

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used to connect the tubing from the constant head tank to the first dosing
 tubes manifold: Thick-Wall PVC Threaded Pipe Fitting 3/8 Pipe Size, 90
 Deg Elbow, Schedule 80
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#pvc-pipe-fittings/=mhbtds"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PVC Ball Valve 
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/4724k71p1s.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Allows draining of accumulated sediment in PVC tubing, prior to entering
 dosing tubes: Low-Pressure PVC Ball Valve 1/2" NPT Female
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#pvc-ball-valves/=mhbb0s"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PVC Tee, Female Unthreaded Socket Ends (2)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/4880kp3s.png
	lyxscale 30
	scale 30

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used in the drop tube assembly, also used to connect the manifold and ball
 valve to the PVC piping: Standard-Wall PVC Pipe Fitting 1/2 Pipe Size,
 Tee.
 **One tee needs a threaded middle connection**
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#standard-pvc-pipe-tees/=mhb3iw"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Barbed Tube Fitting (1)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/5372kp1l.png
	lyxscale 30
	scale 30

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Used to connect the CHT to the PVC assembly: Durable Nylon Multi-Barbed
 Tube Fitting Adapter for 3/8" Tube ID X 3/8" NPT Male Pipe.
 **Nylon fittings were used but chemical resistant fittings should be used
 in future designs**
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#pvdf-barbed-tube-fittings/=mhb1zh"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Chemical-Resistant Clear PVC Tubing (20')
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/5231kp8s.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Dosing Tubes:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Clear PVC Tubing Chemical, 3/16" ID, 1/4" OD, 1/32" Wall Thickness
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.amazon.com/Tygon-R-3603-Laboratory-Tubing-Length/dp/B000FMYVSK"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Yes; based on the required chemical flow rate.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Adapters, Tube to Male Threaded Pipe (3)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/51055k18p1l.png
	lyxscale 75
	width 2cm

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Connects the tubing from the stock tank to the CHT and the tubing from the
 CHT to the PVC piping: Moisture-Resistant Acetal Push-to-Connect Adapter
 for 1/2" Tube OD X 1/2" NPTF Male Pipe
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=30741&catid=832"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Barbed Fitting Push-to-Connect Insert (3)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/barbed.JPG
	lyxscale 1
	scale 1

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Attaches flexible tubing to the Push-to-Connnect Adapter, preventing leaks
 from directly connecting flexible tubing to the rigid adapter:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1/2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 barbed fitting to 1/2
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 Push-to-Connect
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=75126&catid=915"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Adapters, Male Threaded End to Female Unthreaded Socket End (2)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/4880kp6s.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Connects the manifold and the ball valve to the PVC piping: Standard-Wall
 White PVC Pipe Fitting 1/2 Pipe, Male Adapter, NPT Male X Socket Female
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.mcmaster.com/#plastic-pipe-fittings/=mgpv9y"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
No
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Adapters, Hose-to-Threaded Male Pipe (6)
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Graphics
	filename N:/RESEARCH/Chemical Dose Controller/Fall 2012/Design Pics/Parts List/5228k28p1s.png
	scale 75

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Connects the dosing tubes to the manifold:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Nylon Push-on Hose Fitting Adapter for 1/4" Hose ID X 3/8" NPT Male Pipe.
 **Nylon fittings were used but chemical resistant fittings should be used
 in future designs**
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://www.usplastic.com/catalog/item.aspx?itemid=33364&catid=551"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Yes; based on the required dosing tube size.
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document
