# India_archive

VIEW:
Ext.: East towers and Golden Lily tank from Southwest

KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); gopuras; columns (architectural elements)

NOTES:
Tank is mentioned in the legend of the siting of Madurai. Dates: 16th to 17th C. Built by Nayak Rulers.

CITATION_1:
Thiagarajan, K.; Meenakshi Temple, Masurai; Madurai: Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple Renovation Committee; 1965; Fine Arts; NA6008.M28 T42


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R);  Draupadi, Arjuna, Bhima, Dharmaraja, Nakula-Sahadeva Rathas

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; Vishnu; Durga; Shiva; śikharas; sala; vimanas; dvarapalika; devakoshtha; lions; elephants

NOTES:
Free-standing sculptural replicas of several temple types; named after the Pandava brothers and their wife Draupadi of the Mahabharata. Dates: mid 7th C. Built by King Narasimha Mahamalla (630-668).


NOTES:
Apsidal shrine, closely follows Buddhist chaitya plan. Dates: 1st C. BCE. Built by Kharavela.

CITATION_1:
Mitra, Debala; Udayagiri & Khandagiri; New Delhi: Director General, Archaeological Survey of India; 1975; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.O6 M685 1975


NOTES:
Named on account of the three-hooded snake carved on the façade of the narraow verandah. Dates: 1st C. BCE. Built by Kharavela and Kudepagiri (according to inscription). Donated by Kamma and Halakhina.


NOTES:
Contains famous inscription of Kinf Kharavel. The masonry shed was built in 1902 to protect the inscription. Dates: 1st C. BCE. Built by King Kharavela.


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; sala; vimanas; vyala; devakoshtha; domes; cupolas (roof appendages); barrel-vaults; pillars; porches; dikpala; rathas


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, Draupadi

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; sala; vimanas; vyala; devakoshtha; dikpala; barrel-vaults; domes; cupolas (roof appendages); thatched roofs; rathas


VIEW:
Ext.: general view from North (L-R);  back - Draupadi, Arjuna, Bhima, Dharmaraja; fore - lion, elephant, Nakula-Shadeva

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; sala; dvarapalika; devakoshtha; lions; elephants; rathas; domes (dome components); cupolas (roof appendages); apsidal buildings


VIEW:
Ext.: general view from N orth(L-R); Draupadi, Arjuna, Lion, Bhima, Elephant, Nakula-Sahadeva


NOTES:
The front is shaped into the semblance of a tiger's head. The door-jambs slope inwards and have capitals comprising a pair of crouching elephants. Contains an inscription which states that the cave was of the town judge Sabhinti. Dates: 1st C. BCE.


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Northeast (L-R); Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, Bull, Draupadi


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Southeast (L-R); Dharmaraja, Bhima

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; vimanas; vyala; devakoshtha; domes (dome components); cupolas (roof appendages); barrel-vaults; pillars; porches


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Southeast (L-R); lower part of Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, Draupadi, Bull

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; devakoshtha; vyala; vimanas; dikpala; pillars; porches; barrel-vaults; domes (dome components); rathas


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Southwest (L-R); Bhima, Dharmaraja

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; devakoshtha; dikpala; pillars; porches; barrel-vaults; rathas


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Southwest (L-R); Bhima, Dharmaraja corner

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; devakoshtha; vyala; pillars; porches; barrel-vaults; dikpala; rathas


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; vimanas; devakoshtha; apsidal buildings


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; Pallava; Hinduism; śikharas; vimanas; Nandi; vyala


KEYWORDS:
entrances; tigers; heads (representations); doors; jambs


VIEW:
Ext.: distant view from North with fishing boat in foreground

KEYWORDS:
śikharas; fishing vessels; temples; spires; beaches; oceans

NOTES:
Two vimana; Rajasimheshvara (larger) and Kshatreyasimheshvara (smaller). Exemplifies the completion of a stylistic shift from "classical" Pallava to an "embellished" aesthetic. Dates: early to mid 8th C. Built by Raja Simha Natasimha II.


VIEW:
Ext.: distant view from North from beach

KEYWORDS:
śikharas; vimanas; oceans; rock-cut architecture


NOTES:
Largest and most grand of all the caves, it was excavated on three sides of a quadrangle. Has two stories, although the second story is recessed a bit. It is known for its lavish sculptures and friezes. Dates: 1st C. BCE. Built by King Kharavela.


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; vimanas; pradakshinapatha; devakoshtha; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; prakara; śikharas; vimanas; Nandi


VIEW:
Ext.: general view from West with temple compound

KEYWORDS:
structural; Shiva; Hinduism; Pallava; Vishnu; śikharas; vimanas; Nandi; vyala


NOTES:
Dates: early to mid 8th C. Built by Raja Simha Natasimha II.


KEYWORDS:
Vishnu; prakara; vimanas; śikharas; Nandi; vyala


KEYWORDS:
structural; Hinduism; Pallava; Shiva; vimanas; śikharas; vyala; Nandi; Vishnu; devotees


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Southwest, with Durga's Lion

KEYWORDS:
Shiva; Durga; sculpture (visual work); prakara; śikharas; vimanas


NOTES:
Durga perched on lion's right rear leg; square niche carved in lion's chest, with carved representation of multi-armed Durga. Dates: early to mid 8th C. Built by Raja Simha Natasimha II.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: detail of head and chest, with square niche and carved relief of Durga


KEYWORDS:
entrances; cells (interior spaces); friezes


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); prakara, vimana, antarala, manamandapa, Rajagamiran Tiru Mandapa, Manimandapa; under renovation

NOTES:
Based on the great Chola Temples in Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram it is articulated with icons carved in black basalt. Of note is Rajagambiran Mandapa designed as a chariot. Dates: mid 12th C. Built by Rajaraja II (reign 1146-1172).

CITATION_1:
Chockalingam, K.; Census of India 1961, Vol. IX: Tamil Nadu, Part XI-D: Temples of Tamil Nadu, Vol. VII(i): Thanjavur; Delhi: Manager of Publications, Census Operations; 1971; Annex; HA1711 1961 v. 9 pt. 11 D no. 7i

CITATION_2:
Balasubrahmanyam, S. R.; Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III; Madras: Mudgala Trust; 1979; Kroch Library Asia; NA6007.S6 B17


VIEW:
Ext.: vimana North facade with water spout and tank

KEYWORDS:
devakoshtha; abhiseka; sculpture (visual work); fountains; tanks (containers)

NOTES:
Dedicated to Subrahmanya. Built within the Brihadisvara Temple complex. Dates: 17th C. Built by the Nayak rulers.

CITATION_1:
Somasundaram Pillai, J. M.; The Great Temple at Tanjore; Tanjore: Tanjore Palace Devasthanams; 1958; Kroch Library Asia; NA6008.T3 S71 1958

CITATION_2:
Huntington, Susan; The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain; New York: Weatherhill; 1985; Fine Arts; N7301.H95


VIEW:
Ext.: general view from West of temple compound and temple

KEYWORDS:
Shiva; structural; Vishnu; Pallava; Hinduism; vimanas; śikharas; Nandi; vyala


TITLE_1:
Sri Varadarajaswami Temple; Kalyana Mandapa

VIEW:
Int.det.: pillar with sculptures of two people riding animals

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); reliefs; columns (architectural elements); mandapas

NOTES:
Large hall. 575 x 96 meters. Exquisitely carved monolithic pillar. Dates: 16th C. Built by the Vijayanagar dynasty.

CITATION_1:
Raman, K. V.; Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: a Study of its History, Art, and Architecture; New Delhi: Abhinav Publications; 1975; Kroch Library Asia; BL1227.C66 R16 1975


TITLE_1:
Three Gopuras Seen in the Distance Across a Field


TITLE_1:
View of erformers with dogs and monkeys outside a temple


KEYWORDS:
prakara; mandapas; ardhamandapas; vimanas; śikharas

NOTES:
One of the largest sandstone temples. Square three-storied temple. Each story has sculptures of Vishnu standing (Sthanka), sitting (Asana), and reclining (Sayana). Dates: mid to late 8th C., probably 736-796. Built by Nandivarman (Pallava).

CITATION_1:
Meister, Michael W., ed.; Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, V. 1, pt. 1: South India, Lower Drāvidadēśa; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1983; Fine Arts; NA6001.E56

CITATION_2:
Rea, Alexander; Pallava Architecture; Varanasi, India: Indological Book House; 1970; Fine Arts; NA6008.C75 R28 1970


VIEW:
Ext.: North side of vimana from Northeast


VIEW:
Ext.: North side of shrine from Northwest


VIEW:
Ext.: from West; West gopura entrance with people

NOTES:
Dedicated to Vishnu. Important religious site for vaishnavites. Temple complex is an amalgamation built over several centuries. Dates: mid 11th to 14th C. Extensive building by Kulottunga Chola I and his son Vikrana Chola.


VIEW:
Ext.: from East; dhvaja-stambha, two four-pillared mandapas, W Gopura, with people


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; Ananata-Saras Tank with workmen building shikhara on pavilion

KEYWORDS:
śikharas; temples; tanks (containers); workers


VIEW:
Ext.: front facade of a one-story house with trees

KEYWORDS:
façades; porticoes; structural clay tiles

NOTES:
Low income houses made from local materials.


VIEW:
Ext.: front façade of a one-story house with trees and people

KEYWORDS:
façades; porticoes; structural clay tiles; people


VIEW:
Ext.: front facade of a two-story house with horse and cart on street in foreground

KEYWORDS:
façades; porticoes; structural clay tiles; horses; carts


VIEW:
Ext.det.: from West; North perambulatory passage


TITLE_1:
Amber Palace; Jaleb Chowk; Suraj Pol (Gateway)

VIEW:
Ext.: view from outside, with Jaigarh in the background

NOTES:
Public courtyard; it housed the jalebdars (palace guards). The gates to access it are Suraj pol to the east and Chand pol to the west. Dates: early 18th C. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


NOTES:
Built and functioned as the new cultural and administrative capital of the Mughal Empire; comprises two main palaces and a mosque complex. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .

CITATION_1:
Hambly, Gavin; Cities of Mughul India: Delhi Agra and Fatehpur Sikri; London: Elek; 1968; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.D3 H19+

CITATION_2:
Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas; Fathpur-Sikri; Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons; 1975; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.F37 R622+

CITATION_3:
Husain, A. B. M.; Fathpur-Sikri and Its Architecture; Dacca: Bureau of National Reconstruction; 1970; Fine Arts; NA1508.F3 H96


NOTES:
Dates: third quarter of the 19th C., probably 1867-1874.

CITATION_1:
Michell, George, ed.; Brick Temples of Bengal; Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1983; Annex; NA6007.B4 B84


VIEW:
Ext.: from West; North small shrines of vimana with stone Nandis

KEYWORDS:
vyala; sculpture (visual work); reliefs; Sardula; Nandi; gavaksa

NOTES:
Largest sandstone temple in the world. Richest of all Pallava Shrines in terms of figural decoration. Has 58 devakulikas (mini-shrines) running around the main temple. Dates: first half of the 8th C. Built by Narasimhavarman II (700-728) (Pallava king).

CITATION_1:
Huntington, Susan; The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain; New York: Weatherhill; 1985; Fine Arts; N7301.H95


VIEW:
Ext.: Southeast facade with devakulika, entrance to Mahendravarman shrine and vimana


NOTES:
Largest temple complex in Kanchipuram. Most notable structure is the thousand pillar hall. Dates: 7th to 16th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R); balipita, dhvaja-stambha, small shrine

KEYWORDS:
balipita; dhvajasthambha; shrines (structures); people

CITATION_1:
Krishnamurthy, C.; The Shrines of Kanchee; Kancheepuram, India: Jayaram Publications; 1980; MacDougall


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R); Nandi Mandapa, mandapa, gopuras, temple tank with people

KEYWORDS:
Nandi mandapas; mandapas; gopuras; temples; tanks (containers); people


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R); mandapa corner and Nandi mandapa with people


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); rooftops with vimanas, prakara, and East Gopura


VIEW:
Ext.: from West; Ananata-Saras tank with Nirali Mandapa (background) and Attivaradar Mandapa (foreground) with  people

KEYWORDS:
temples; tanks (containers); mandapas; people


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); reliefs; Sardula


VIEW:
Ext.: one-story facade with tree and people


NOTES:
Shows the location of temples, mandapas, and rathas.


NOTES:
Dates: late 7th C. to early 8th C. Built by Paramesvaravarman I or Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest; Ananata-Saras tank, with (L-R) Chakrattalvar Shrine, Nirali Mandapa, Vimana, eight-pillared Mandapa, Kalyana Mandapa, Attivaradar Mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest; Ananata-Saras tank with (L-R) Nirali Mandapa corner, eight-pillared mandapa, Kalyana Mandapa, Attivaradar Mandapa

KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); mandapas


TITLE_1:
Sri Varadarajaswami Temple; Varaha Shrine

NOTES:
Shrine dedicated to Varaha, avatar of Vishnu. Dates: mid 11th to 14th C. Extensive building by Kulottunga Chola I and his son Vikrana Chola.


KEYWORDS:
Chola; Mohini; sculpture (visual work); reliefs; Vishnu

NOTES:
Temptress manifestation of Vishnu.  Important religious site for vaishnavites. Temple complex is an amalgamation built over several centuries. Dates: mid 11th to 14th C. Extensive building by Kulottunga Chola I and his son Vikrana Chola.


KEYWORDS:
Rama; Hanuman; mithuna; reliefs; sculpture (visual work); Vishnu


KEYWORDS:
reliefs; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
mithuna; sculpture (visual work); reliefs


NOTES:
Visvakarma: Architect of the universe; holds various carpentry tools such as hammer. Dates: second half of the 20th C., probably 1970.


NOTES:
Now used as a marketplace (?). Dates: 15th to 17th C. Built by Vijayanagars?


TITLE_1:
Government Museum and National Gallery of Art

NOTES:
Dates: mid 20th C., probably 1951. Built by the government of India.


NOTES:
Dedicated to Thiruvalluvar, Tamil sage and poet; his work, Thirukkural, 1,350 stanzas, engraved on gallery walls surrounding main auditorium. Dates: third quarter of the 20th C. Built by the City of Madras?

CITATION_1:
Muthiah, S., ed.; Mahabalipuram: A Guidebook; Madras: Tamilnad; 1985; MacDougall


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance gate facade from inside complex, through an arch in building


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance gate facade from inside complex, across lawn


VIEW:
Ext.: general view of entire ratha, with figures

NOTES:
Ratha; temple chariot; stone car 101' high, with statue of Thiruvalluvar; replica of ratha at Thiruvaroor. Dates: third quarter of the 20th C. Built by the City of Madras?


VIEW:
Ext.: dome and upper portion with figures.


VIEW:
Aerial: from Sri Vedagiri Eswarar Temple on hilltop; gopuras, sacred tanks, vimanas, and surrounding town

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Shiva; Nandi; sala; śikharas; dwellings

NOTES:
Also known as Temple for Sri Bakthavatsalar and Sri Thirupurasundari Ambal; Tirukkalikundram also known as Thirukazhukundram, Pakshi Theertham, Rudrakoti Adhinarayanapuram. Dates: 8th to 16th C.? Built by Pallavas, Cholas, Vijayanagars?

CITATION_1:
Nambiar, P. K.; Census of India, 1961, Vol. IX: Madras, Part XI-D: Temples of Madras State, 1: Chingleput District and Madras City; Delhi: Manager of Publications; 1965; Annex; HA1711 1961 v.9, pt. 11D, no. 1


VIEW:
Ext.: from hill trail to Sri Vedagiri Eswarar Temple; gopuras and vimanas

NOTES:
Dates: 8th to 16th C.? Built by Pallavas, Cholas, Vijayanagars?


NOTES:
Dedicated to Shiva. Sanctum based on a square plan with two mandapa and an attached vestibule. Dates: early 11th C., consecration 1010 according to inscription. Built by Rajaraja I.


VIEW:
Ext.: from within inner gopura; W façade with view to fort arch and peoples


VIEW:
Ext.: inner gopura with view to Nandi Mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: gopura, with balipita in foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: West facade and prakara in moonlight with lit lamp in window, people

KEYWORDS:
gopuras; prakara; moons; lamps (lighting devices)


VIEW:
Aerial: from Northeast, South portion, West and South Gopuram

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Shiva; sala; Chit Sabha; Kalyana mandapas; Deva Sabha; Vahana mandapas

NOTES:
Nataraja: Shiva as Lord of Dance; linga of "ether" (akasa), Lord without form-anthropomorphic Nataraja instead; W. Gateway (Akalankan Tiruvasal [Vikrama Chola]); Sri Mulanathar also Tiru Mulasthana. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1272.

CITATION_1:
Natarajan, B.; The City of Cosmic Dance: Chidambaram; New Delhi: Orient Longman Ltd.; 1974; Kroch Library Asia; BL1227.C48 N375

CITATION_2:
Satyamurti, T.; The Nataraja Temple: History, Art, and Architecture; New Delhi: Classical Publications; 1978; Annex; NA6008.N37 S27

CITATION_3:
Swamy, B. G. L.; Chidambaram and Nataraja: Problems and Rationalization; Mysore: Geetha Book House; 1979; Kroch Library Asia; BL1227.C48 N378

CITATION_4:
Balasubrahmanyam, S. R.; Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III; Madras: Mudgala Trust; 1979; Kroch Library Asia; NA6007.S6 B17


VIEW:
Ext.: from E; Nandi Mandapa, main temple vimana, with people

CITATION_2:
Chockalingam, K.; Census of India 1961, Vol. IX: Tamil Nadu, Part XI-D: Temples of Tamil Nadu, Vol. VII(i): Thanjavur; Delhi: Manager of Publications, Census Operations; 1971; Annex; HA1711 1961 v. 9 pt. 11 D no. 7i


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); prakara, Ganesha Shrine, vimana and ardhamandapa, mahamandapa, pillared porch, Nandi Mandapa, balipita, Brihannayaki Shrine with Sabha Mandapa

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); vimanas; ardhamandapas; mahamandapas; porches; Nandi


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); mahamandapa, dhvaja-stambha, Nandi Mandapa, shrine, balipita, Gopura, prakara

KEYWORDS:
mahamandapas; dhvajasthambha; Nandi; shrines (structures); mandapas; gopuras; balipita


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); Brihannayaki Shrine, dhvaja-stambha, Nandi Mandapa, gopura

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Brihannayaki; Nandi; mandapas; dhvajasthambha; gopuras


VIEW:
Ext.: from W, inside the main temple pillared porch


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Ganesha Shrine, main temple with vimana, ardhamandapa, mahamandapa, pillared porch, balipita, small Nandi Mandapa, Brihannayaki Shrine with mandapa

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); vimanas; mandapas; balipita


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Ganesha Shrine, main temple with vimana, ardhamandapa, mahamandapa, pillared porch, balipita, small Nandi Mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Ganesha Shrine, main temple with vimana, ardhamandapa, mahamandapa, pillared porch, Candesvara Shrine

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Shiva; sculpture (visual work); śikharas


VIEW:
Ext.: East facade; vimana, mahamandapa, pillared porch with people


KEYWORDS:
vimanas; śikharas; sculpture (visual work); Shiva


VIEW:
Ext.: lower North facade (L-R); ardhamandapa, stairs, water spout supported by gana, people

KEYWORDS:
upapitham; adisthanam; stairs; ganas; fountains

CITATION_3:
Somasundarum Pillai, J. M.; The Great Temple at Tanjore; Tanjore: Tanjore Palace Devasthanams; 1958; Kroch Library Asia; NA6008.T3 S71 1958

CITATION_4:
Venkataraman, B.; Rajarajesvaram: The Pinnacle of Chola Art; Madras: Mudgala Trust; 1985; Fine Arts; NA6008.T437 V46


VIEW:
Ext.det.: ardhamandapa East wall, North stairs; Sarasvati

CITATION_5:
Meister, Michael W., ed.; Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, V. 1, pt. 1: South India, Lower Drāvidadēśa; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1983; Fine Arts; NA6001.E56


CITATION_4:
Meister, Michael W., ed.; Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, V. 1, pt. 1: South India, Lower Drāvidadēśa; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1983; Fine Arts; NA6001.E56

CITATION_5:
Venkataraman, B.; Rajarajesvaram: The Pinnacle of Chola Art; Madras: Mudgala Trust; 1985; Fine Arts; NA6008.T437 V46


VIEW:
Ext.det.: ardhamandapa South wall, lower level; devakostha--Ganesha, vyala frieze below


VIEW:
Ext.: from West (L-R); Subrahmanya Temple, Candeshvara Shrine, main temple mahamandapa, ardhamandapa, vimana, with people

CITATION_5:
Huntington, Susan; The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain; New York: Weatherhill; 1985; Fine Arts; N7301.H95

CITATION_6:
Venkataraman, B.; Rajarajesvaram: The Pinnacle of Chola Art; Madras: Mudgala Trust; 1985; Fine Arts; NA6008.T437 V46


VIEW:
Ext.: from South (L-R); Karur Thevar Shrine, Subrahmanya Temple with mandapas, main shrine with people


VIEW:
Ext.: from South (L-R); Karur Thevar Shrine, prakara corner with shikhara, Subrahmanya Temple


TITLE_1:
Brihadishvara Temple; Brihannayaki Amman Temple

NOTES:
Dedicated to Brihannayaki, the divine consort. Built within the Brihadisvara Temple complex. Dates: second half of the 13th C.


VIEW:
Int.det.: painted mural, with linga, housed in prakara cells

NOTES:
Prakara cells said to house 1,008 lingas. Dedicated to Shiva. Sanctum based on a square plan with two mandapa and an attached vestibule. Dates: early 11th C., consecration 1010 according to inscription. Built by Rajaraja I.


VIEW:
Int.det.: painted mural of Shiva on Nandi, with Subrahmanya and linga

KEYWORDS:
Shiva; linga; mural paintings; Subrahmanya; prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast (L-R); Tirukkachinambi Mandapa, eight-pillared Mandapa, Ananata-Saras Tank, Kalyana Mandapa, W Gopura, Krishna Shrine, prakara

KEYWORDS:
Vishnu; mandapas; gopuras; temples; tanks (containers)


VIEW:
Ext.: temple tank, gopura in the background

NOTES:
Largest temple complex in Kanchipuram. Most notable structure is the thousand pillar hall. Golden Gopura. Dates: 7th to 16th C.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: inscription panel with yali frieze below

NOTES:
Identification not positive. Dates: probably 10th C.; inferred from stylistic similarity to Brihadisvara Temple.


TITLE_1:
Sri Vedagiri Eswarar Temple; Worshippers

VIEW:
Ext.: worshippers being carried up the hill to the temple in basket sedans; front view


VIEW:
Ext.: worshippers being carried up the hill to the temple in basket sedans; back view


VIEW:
Ext.: female worshipper carrying child up the hill to the temple

NOTES:
Shaved head is a special sign of devotion. Dates: 8th C. Built by Pallavas.


VIEW:
Ext.: worshippers climbing the hill to the temple, with beggar behind


VIEW:
Ext.: worshipper climbing hill to temple


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; main temple vimana, Ardhamandapa, Mahamandapa and Mukhamandapa, North Gate, Durga Shrine (Mahisasuramardini), Nandi, prakara

KEYWORDS:
balipita; mandapas; vimanas; shrines (structures); śikharas; Nandi; gopuras

NOTES:
The The temple consists of a square vimana rising to about 50 m. The superstructure has a concave profile. Noteworthy for sculptures bronzes of Rajendra’s time. Dates: first half of the 11th C., probably 1012-1044. Built by Rajendra I Cola (1012-1044).

CITATION_3:
Meister, Michael W., ed.; Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, V. 1, pt. 1: South India, Lower Drāvidadēśa; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1983; Fine Arts; NA6001.E56


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); vimana, Ardhamandapa with stairs

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; vimanas; shrines (structures); Ganesha

NOTES:
The temple consists of a square vimana rising to about 50 m. The superstructure has a concave profile. Noteworthy for sculptures bronzes of Rajendra's time. Dates: first half of the 11th C., probably 1012-1044. Built by Rajendra I Cola (1012-1044).


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); Ganesa Shrine, vimana, Ardhamandapa, Mahamandapa, Daksina Kailasa Temple


NOTES:
The temple consists of a square vimana rising to about 50 m. The superstructure has a concave profile. Noteworthy for sculptures bronzes of Rajendra’s time. Dates: first half of the 11th C., probably 1012-1044. Built by Rajendra I Cola (1012-1044).


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest (L-R); East Gopura ruins, balipita, Nandi, prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); prakara, Alankara Mandapa, Nandi, balipita, East Gopura remains

KEYWORDS:
gopuras; ruins; balipita; Nandi; mandapas


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Mahamandapa West wall, North side, lower tier; devakostha--Sarasvati, with yali frieze


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Ardhamandapa, probably North entrance, West side; dvarapala


TITLE_1:
Brihadishvara Temple; Uttara Kailasa Temple

VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; vimana, ardhamandapa, mahamandapa

KEYWORDS:
vimanas; prakara; shrines (structures); Ganesha

NOTES:
Originally dedicated to Shiva, converted to Amman/Devi; now enshrines Brihannayaki, Lord Gangaikondacholisvara's consort. Dates: first half of the 11th C., probably 1020-1035. Built by Parakesari Rajendra I Cola (1012-1044).


NOTES:
Identification not positive. Dates: first half of the 11th C., probably 1020-1035. Built by Parakesari Rajendra I Cola (1012-1044).


TITLE_1:
Brihadishvara Temple; Dakshina Kailasa Temple

VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Daksina Kailasa Temple vimana, ardhamandapa, mahamandapa ruins and main temple vimana

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Shiva; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Daksina Kailasa Temple dedicated to Shiva. Dates: first half of the 11th C., probably 1020-1035. Built by Parakesari Rajendra I Cola (1012-1044).


VIEW:
Ext.: from West (L-R); Mandapa, stairs, mandapa, vimana with water spout and tank


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Rajagambiran Tiru Mandapa, Manimandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; Mahamandapa with stairs, Rajagambiran Tiru Mandapa, and temple prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: from S (L-R); prakara, Nandi Mandapa, balipita, with cows


VIEW:
Ext.: from West; Rajagambiran Tiru Mandapa, and prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: from West (L-R); prakara with mandapas, Candesvara Shrine

KEYWORDS:
prakara; colonnades; mandapas; shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Ext.: from West (L-R); prakara and Candesvara Shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest (L-R); vimana, prakara with mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana, West wall, South side; devakostha with yali frieze below


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana, W estwall, North side; devakostha with yali frieze below


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; prakara, vimana with Daksinamurti Shrine, Antarala, Ardhamandapa with stairs, Mahamandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; prakara with mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; prakara with mandapas


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; prakara with mandapas


VIEW:
Ext.: from South; prakara with mandapas and laborers setting a wall


VIEW:
Ext.: from East, on Mahamandapa roof (front-back); Ardhamandapa, Antarala, vimana, prakara


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; antarala; shrines (structures); vimanas; prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: from East, Mahamandapa roof, (L-R); prakara, nandi, vimana


VIEW:
Aerial: view from S; N Gopura, Subrahamanya Shr., Amman Shr., 100 Pillar Manadapa, Tank, Raja, Sabha, 2nd Prakara Comp. with Nrtta Sabha, E & W Gateways, Govindaraja Shr., Cit Sabha, S Mulanathar Shr.

KEYWORDS:
Chola; Hinduism; Shiva; sala; colonnades; wood (plant material); Shivakama Sundari; Ratna Sabhapati; Svarna Bhairava; Kalyana Sundara; akasa linga

NOTES:
Nrtta Sabha conceived as ratha with wheels and horses, dedicated to Urdhva Tandavamurti; third prakara named Rajakkal Tambiran Tirumaligai. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1272. Built by Kulottunga I, Vikrama Cola, Kulottunga II, Kulottunga III, etc.


VIEW:
Aerial: view from S; N Gopura, Subrahamanya Shrine, Amman Shrine, 100 Pillar Manadap, Tank, Raja Sabha, 2nd Prakara Complex w/ Sabha, E & W Gateways, Govindaraja Shrine, Cit Sabha, S Mulanathar Shrine


VIEW:
Aerial: view from South; North Gopura, Subrahamanya Shrine, Amman Shrine, 100 Mandapa, Sivaganga Tank, 2nd Prakara Complex with Nrtta Sabha, West Gateway, Govindaraja, Cit Sabha

NOTES:
Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1272. Built by Kulottunga I, Vikrama Cola, Kulottunga II, Kulottunga III, etc.


VIEW:
Ext.: drying clothes and ablution temple tank, gopura in background


KEYWORDS:
ablutions; gopuras; temples; tanks (containers)


NOTES:
Temple city in Tiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu. Situated on an artificial island on the Kaveri River.


VIEW:
Plan: seven prakaras, labelled streets; number coded

NOTES:
Largest temple complex in Southern India. Dedicated to the reclining form of Vishnu. Dates: 11th to 17th C. Built by Cholas (11th C.), Pandyas and Hoysalas (13th C.), Vijayanagars (16th C.), and Nayaks (17th C). Plan on N-S rather than usual E-W axis.

CITATION_1:
Hari Rao, V. N.; The Srirangam Temple: Art and Architecture; Tirupati: Sri Venkateswara University; 1967; Annex; NA6008.S67 H28

CITATION_3:
Nambiar, P. K.; Census of India, 1961, Vol. IX: Madras, pt. XI-D: Temples of Madras State, ii: Tiruchirapalli & South Arcot; Delhi: Manager of Publications, Census Operations; 1966; Annex; HA1711 1961 v. 9, pt. 11D, ii


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); five granaries, second prakara

NOTES:
Vaisnavite temple city. Built by Vijayanagars.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); granaries, second prakara

NOTES:
Largest temple complex in Southern India. Dedicated to the reclining form of Vishnu. Dates: 11th to 17th C. Built by Cholas (11th C.), Pandyas and Hoysalas (13th C.), Vijayanagars (16th C.), and Nayaks (17th C).


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; view of gopuras, with golden shikara of main vimana


VIEW:
Aerial: view from Southeast (L-R); main shrine gold vimana, and five subsequent prakara with gopura


VIEW:
Aerial: view from Northeast (L-R); second, third and forth prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest (L-R); outer prakara and gopura


VIEW:
Aerial: view from Southwest; Southeast part, gopura (under renovation), street scene


VIEW:
Aerial: view from North (L-R); town, West Uttar St., inner four prakaras with (back-front) South Adaiyavalaindan G. (7), South Cittirai G. (under renovation ) (6), South Uttar G. (5)


VIEW:
Aerial: view from Southwest; Eeast part,  fifth, sixth and seventh prakaras, with town and river beyond


VIEW:
Ext.: under renovation from South with street scene

NOTES:
Dates: second half of the 17th to the first half of the 18th C. Probably built by Nayaks.


TITLE_1:
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple; Vellai Gopura

VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest, with fourth prakara

NOTES:
Dates: second half of the 15th to the 16th C. Built by Vijayanagars.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest (?);  (possibly) shikhara of Venugopalasvami Vimana and fourth prakara

NOTES:
Largest temple complex in Southern India. Dedicated to the reclining form of Vishnu. Dates: 11th to 17th C. Built by Cholas (11th C.), Pandyas and Hoysalas (13th C.), Vijayanagars (16th C.), and Nayaks (17th C). Identification not positive.


TITLE_1:
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple; Venugopalasvami Temple

VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana Southwest corner; devakosthas (L-R)--woman on swing with parrot and sala bhanjika holding tree branch with both hands

KEYWORDS:
devakoshtha; sculpture (visual work); sala bhanjika

NOTES:
Dedicated to Vishnu as Venugopalasvami (Krishna). Known for its finely furnished exterior and exquisitely carved caves. Dates: 17th C. Built by the Nayak rulers.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana South facade; devakostha--Venugopala


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana South facade; devakoshtha--woman playing the veena; veena missing

KEYWORDS:
devakoshtha; sculpture (visual work); veena


VIEW:
Ext.det.: mukhamandapa South facade (?); devakoshtha--unidentified sculpture, flanked by goatherder (L)

KEYWORDS:
devakoshtha; sculpture (visual work); goatherds


VIEW:
Ext.det.: antarala North facade; devakoshtha--Varaha

KEYWORDS:
devakoshtha; sculpture (visual work); Varaha


TITLE_1:
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple; Sheshagiri Mandapa

VIEW:
Ext.det.: peripheral piers showing horses and warriors

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; piers (structural components); warriors; horses

NOTES:
The most notable mandapa. The peripheral piers are carved to represent warriors mounted on rearing horses with attendants and mythical beasts. Dates: late 16th C. Built by the Vijayanagar kings.


NOTES:
One of the most imposing and exquisitely decorated temples in Orissa. Dates: mid 11th C., probably 1030-1065. Possibly built by King Uddyota-Kesari.

CITATION_1:
Donaldson, Thomas; Hindu Temple Art of Orissa, Vol. I; Leiden: Brill; 1985; Fine Arts; NB1007.O7 D67


KEYWORDS:
deul; śikharas; mulaprasada; jagamohana; nata-mandira


VIEW:
Ext.: eleven West pillars from Northeast


TITLE_1:
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple; 1,000 Pillar Mandapa

VIEW:
Int.: from South, second level (?) colonnade

NOTES:
Largest mandapa at Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple. Floor rises to form three different levels as one approaches shrine. Dates: 17th C. Built by Nayaks.


VIEW:
Ext.: two-story facade, with painted relief panel.

NOTES:
The fifth, sixth and seventh prakaras have merged with the town.


NOTES:
Photo found in Nambiar and Narayana Karup, but unidentified. Dates: 13th to 16th C. Built by Cholas, Vijayanagars, Pandyas, Hoysalas, Nayaks?


NOTES:
The largest of five observatories built to revise the Hindu calendar. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1728-1734. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


VIEW:
Ext.: Hemispherical Bowl - the western "Kapali"


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; Western Instrument


NOTES:
The region of Amber was seized by the Kachhwaha Rajputs around 1150 who made it their capitol. Dates: late 19th to early 20th C. Built by Mina Tribes.

CITATION_1:
Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert; The Rajput Palaces: the Development of an Architectural Style; New Haven: Yale University Press; 1987; Fine Arts Library; NA1507.R35 T57 1987


NOTES:
The street is now called Nirvana Marg; it used to be the main street in Old Jaipur running East to West. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1727-1733. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


NOTES:
It is controversial whether this lake is natural or man-made.


KEYWORDS:
façades; screens (furniture); jharokha; Bangaldar; roofs

NOTES:
Zenana space, used for viewing royal procession by women. Dates: late 18th C., probably 1799. Built by Prathap Singh.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast with Rajendra Pol (gate) in foreground

KEYWORDS:
gates; façades; arcades; Bangaldar; roofs; domes (dome components); cusped arches

NOTES:
One of the earliest structures of the City Palace. Functioned as hall of audience and apartments. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1727-1734. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


NOTES:
This part of the building now houses the City Palace Library. Built in classic revival style. Dates: last decade of the 19th C. Built by Sawai Madho Singh II.


KEYWORDS:
cusped arches; balconies; columns (architectural elements)

NOTES:
This building now houses a museum of traditional apparel, weapons and private possessions of the Kachhwaha kings. Built in classic revival style. Dates: last decade of the 19th C. Built by Sawai Madho Singh II.


KEYWORDS:
panels (surface components); columns (architectural elements); bases


NOTES:
This doorway appears to be situated in the main courtyard, and leads into a private area. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1727-1734. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).

CITATION_1:
Gaekwad, Fatesinhrao, Maharaja of Baroda; The Palaces of India; New York: Vendome Press; 1980; Fine Arts; NA1501.F25


KEYWORDS:
brass (alloy); doors; jharokha; arches; sun; motifs; stone; inlays

NOTES:
One of the doorway leading from the public to the private areas of the palace. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1727-1734. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


KEYWORDS:
brass (alloy); doors; jharokha; arches; stone; inlays


NOTES:
Area of public audience; includes both the hall and the courtyard. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1728-1735. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; Bangaldar; roofs; cusped arches; entrances

NOTES:
Area of public audience; includes both the hall and the courtyard; the hall is known as Sabha Nivas. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1728-1735. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


VIEW:
Int.: Sabha Niwas looking into courtyard


VIEW:
Ext.: view of Amber Palace from Tal Katora

NOTES:
Based on the garh-palace style developed in the Rajut palaces at Orchha. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C., probably 1592-1615. Built by Man Singh.


NOTES:
Dates: late 16th to early 17th C., probably 1592-1615. Built by Man Singh.


NOTES:
Public courtyard; it housed the jalebdars (palace guards). The gates to access it are Suraj pol to the east and Chand pol to the west. Dates: early 18th C. Built by Raja Sawai Jai Singh II.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: ceiling decoration, Ganesh Pol

KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; gates; ceilings; stone; inlays

NOTES:
Served as the entrance from the private areas of the palace to its public ones; elaborately decorated. Dates: early 18th C. Probably built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II (reign 1699-1744).


NOTES:
Royal apartments embellished with stained glass, mirrors and glass inlay. The Jess Mandir rests on the terrace of the Jai Mandir. Dates: mid 17th C. Built by Mirza Raja Jai Singh (reg 1623–67).


KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; stained glass (material)


VIEW:
Int.det.: mirror studded wall in Jai Mandir-Jess Mandir


VIEW:
Int.: water channel inside Sukh Niwas connecting the pavilion and formal garden

KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; pavilions (garden structures); channels (water body components)

NOTES:
Part of the mardana (men's quarters), influenced by Mughal architecture especially that by Shah Jahan in Agra. Dates: mid to late 17th C. Built by Mirza Raja Jai Singh (reg 1623–67).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: water channel connecting the pavilion and formal garden


NOTES:
Formal garden of the male section of the fort; characterized by its geometrically patterned waterways. Dates: mid 17th C. Probably built by Mirza Raja Jai Singh (reg 1623–67).


VIEW:
Plan: Daulat Khana, Diwan-i-am, Panch Mahal, Diwan-i-khas

NOTES:
Comprises the emperor's quarters and the administrative wing of Fatehpur. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Plan: Jodh Bai's Palace, stables (?), Mina Bazaar (?), Birbal's House


NOTES:
The central court between emperor's private apartments and the administrative section; has a life size panchisi board on it. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast (L-R) Turkish Sultana's House, Abdar Khana and part of the Panchisi Court

KEYWORDS:
Abdar Khana; Panchisi Court; Turkish Sultana's House

NOTES:
Emperor's private apartment. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


TITLE_1:
View from West of buildings in the Daulat Khana

KEYWORDS:
palaces; domes (dome components); chhatri; arches


NOTES:
Area of public audience. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast of buildings in the Daulat Khana and the Haram Saraii beyond

KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); chhatri; Haram Sarai; courtyards


VIEW:
Ext.: from West of the imperial workshops. The Diwan-i-am is seen on the right

KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); chhatri; courtyards


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest with the Pachisi Court and Imperial Workshops

NOTES:
The hall of private audience with the ornately detailed ekasthambha (central pillar) on which stood the emperor's throne. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: from Panch Mahal Southwest of Diwan-i-khas


VIEW:
Ext.: from Panchisi Courtyard Southwest of Diwan-i-khas


VIEW:
Ext.: from S; inside the Kwabhgah (private quarters of the emperor)


VIEW:
Int.: central pillar and crosswalk above it


KEYWORDS:
Panch Mahal; chhatri; columns (architectural elements); Panchisi Court; gardens

NOTES:
Five-story palace. Specific uses of the pavilion are debated; probably used for recreation by the royal ladies. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


KEYWORDS:
Panch Mahal; chhatri; columns (architectural elements); gardens

NOTES:
Garden adjacent to Panch Mahal. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Probably used as the girls school. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R) Turkish Sultana's House, Anup Talao

NOTES:
Rooms used by the emperor for relaxation during the day. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Includes a small central tank and the surrounding pavilions; served as private apartments. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Aerial: (L-R) Turkish Sultana's House, Anup Talao, Khwabgah


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R) Khwabgah, Harem Wall, Anup Talao


VIEW:
Ext.: from North from inside the Diwan-i-khas


VIEW:
Ext.: from South with (from L to R) the Abdar Khana, Pachisi Court, Diwan-i-khas and Turkish Sultana's House

NOTES:
Tank in front of the emperor's apartment; records show it was filled with gold, silver, copper coins in 1578 by the emperor. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast with the Abdar Khana and Panch Mahal


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast with the Abdar Khana in the foreground


KEYWORDS:
Abdar Khana; Panchisi Court;; Turkish Sultana's House


TITLE_1:
Akbar's Palace; Daulat Khana; Turkish Sultana's House

NOTES:
Precise function is debatable; could have been the residence of the emperor's Turkish wife. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Int.det.: panels adjacent to the doorway


NOTES:
Between the imperial harem and Akbar's palace; residence of either the emperor's mother, or one of his wives. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .

CITATION_1:
Husain, A. B. M.; Fathpur-Sikri and Its Architecture; Dacca: Bureau of National Reconstruction; 1970; Fine Arts; NA1508.F3 H96


NOTES:
The principle palace in the Imperial Harem; displays a combination of Islamic and Hindu workmanship styles apparent in the entire complex. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Home of Akbar's most esteemed noble, Raja Birbal. The palace has exquisite stone carvings. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .

CITATION_1:
Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas; Fathpur-Sikri; Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons; 1975; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.F37 R622+


TITLE_1:
View from the North, Haram Sarai (?) Birbal's house (?)

NOTES:
The passage (viaduct) allowed royal women to move within the complex and to the mosque without being seen by men. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Ongoing debate on whether this was the imperial stable or a ladies market. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: from the North, Naya Khanqah in the background


KEYWORDS:
tombs; Islam Khan; screens (furniture); columns (architectural elements)

NOTES:
Tomb of nawab Islam Khan. Dates: early 17th C. May have been built by emperor Jahangir (reign 1605-1627).


NOTES:
May have provided supplementary water facilities to the palace and mosque. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
The only marble structure in the entire red sandstone complex; square in plan and has exquisite lattice work screens. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Akbar's Mausoleum; stands in the center of a Charbagh (paradise style, four garden); constructed of red sandstone and marble. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605)  and Jahangir.

CITATION_2:
Nath, R.; Agra and Its Monumental Glory; Bombay: Taraporevala; 1977; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.A3 N27


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance gateway and gardens from top of tomb


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to private apartments from North with the Chandra Mahal in the background

KEYWORDS:
pol; gates; jharokha; balconies; façades; cusped arches

NOTES:
This entrance to the private apartments is a revival of the classic style by Samuel Swinton Jacob. Dates: late 19th C. Built by Sawai Madho Singh II.


KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); courtyards; flora

NOTES:
Royal recreational area. Dates: late 17th to early 18th C., probably 1698-1710. Built by Rana Amar Singh II.


VIEW:
Int.: from colonnaded verandah to the courtyard


KEYWORDS:
halls; columns (architectural elements); courtyards


NOTES:
Dates: first half of the 18th C. Built by Rana Amar Singh II.


NOTES:
Courtyard used for public congregations and meetings between the king and his courtiers; first floor apartment, the Surya Prakash, is characterized by mid 19th C. glass work. Dates: mid 17th C.


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; chhatri; chajja; Bangaldar; eaves

NOTES:
White marble pleasure palace. Appears to be floating since it completely covers the island on which it is built. Now a luxury hotel. Dates: mid 18th C. Built by Rana Jagat Singh II (reign 1734-1752).


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); porches; lakes


VIEW:
Int.: Sajjan Nivas (apartment within Lake Palace)


KEYWORDS:
stained glass (material); apartments; swings


VIEW:
Ext.: entranceway to park seen from within

KEYWORDS:
entrances; people; paths; lawns (landscaped grass); chhatri

NOTES:
Recreational park built for women in the palace; has four pools with delicately chiselled chhatri in the center, fountains, statues, and a marble throne. Dates: first half of the 18th C. Built by Sangram Singh II (reign 1710-1734).


VIEW:
Ext.: pool with kiosk and enclosed sitting area in the background.

KEYWORDS:
chhatri; pools; sculpture (visual work); pavilions (garden structures)


KEYWORDS:
chhatri; pools; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
pools; gardens; pavilions (garden structures); fountains; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Painting: flanking either side of entrance

NOTES:
House facade embellishments typical of Rajasthan; motifs vary from horses and elephants to figures of gods and scenes from local folklore.


VIEW:
Painting: close up of motifs to right of entrance


VIEW:
Painting: close up of motifs to left of entrance


KEYWORDS:
ablutions; pools; tombs;screens (furniture); domes (dome components); arches

NOTES:
The only marble structure in the entire red sandstone complex; square in plan and has exquisite lattice work screens (furniture). Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: from South of tomb, mosque and shrines

KEYWORDS:
tombs;screens (furniture); domes (dome components); cusped arches


KEYWORDS:
tombs;screens (furniture); domes (dome components); arches


VIEW:
Ext.: from South, tomb, mosque and shrines


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast, tomb, mosque and shrines


NOTES:
Built for Mumtaz Mahal. Based on the Charbagh plan; constructed wholly of white marble; extensive decorative inlay of semiprecious stones. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1631-1648. Built by Shah Jahan.

CITATION_1:
Nath, R.; Agra and Its Monumental Glory; Bombay: Taraporevala; 1977; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.A3 N27


NOTES:
Built in a style similar to Agra and Lahore Mughal forts in red and marble stone. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1639-1648. Built by Shah Jahan.

CITATION_1:
Delhi, The Built Heritage: a Listing; New Delhi: Intach, Delhi Chapter; 1999; Fine Arts; DS486.D3 D437x 1999


VIEW:
Ext.: fort with the later town built outside the fortifications

NOTES:
Built on a triangular hill known as trikuta. Surviving fort dates from the middle of the 16th C. Built mid 12th, late 16th to early 17th, and mid 18th to early 19th C., probably ca. 1156, 1577-1623, 1726-1820. Built by Jaisal.

CITATION_1:
Agarawala, Ram Avatar; History, Art & Architecture of Jaisalmer; Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan; 1979; Annex; N7308.J34 A28

CITATION_2:
Fass, Virginia; The Forts of India; London: Collins; 1986; Fine Arts; NA497.I4 F24 1986#

CITATION_3:
Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert; The Rajput Palaces; New Haven: Yale University Press; 1987; Fine Arts; NA1507.R35 T57 1987


VIEW:
Ext.: inhabited portions of the fort showing fort wall incorporated into residence


VIEW:
Ext.: inhabited portion of fort; temple in background


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); śikharas

NOTES:
This is one of the five palaces inside the fort. Dates: late 19th C., probably 1884. Built by Maharawal Gaj Singh. Private apartments of Maharawal Gaj Singh


NOTES:
This date gives the period of the fort and establishment of the town within the fort walls. The town outside the fortifications is more recent. Dates: second half of the 12th C., probably 1156 onwards. Built by Maharawal Jaisal.


TITLE_1:
Jaipur City Seen From the Rampart of the Fort


TITLE_1:
Jaipur City Seen From Rooftop of a Residence

NOTES:
Shows building patterns and streets typical to the walled city of Jaisalmer. Dates: second half of the 12th C., probably 1156 onwards. Built by Maharawal Jaisal.


NOTES:
Narrow street typical of the walled city of Jaiselmer, flanked by large buildings called Itavelis. Dates: second half of the 12th C., probably 1156 onwards. Built by Maharawal Jaisal.


NOTES:
Narrow street typical of the walled city of Jaiselmer, flanked by large buildings called Itavelis. Dates: second half of the 12th C., probably 1156 onwards. Built by Maharawal Jaisal. Typical street in Jaisalmer


TITLE_1:
Jaisalmer Seen From the Balcony of a House


NOTES:
Style is typical of buildings in the walled city of Jaiselmer. Dates: second half of the 12th C., probably 1156 onwards. Built by Maharawal Jaisal.


VIEW:
Ext.: temple and residential unit (Haveli)

NOTES:
Style is typical of buildings in the walled city of Jaisalmer. Dates: second half of the 12th C., probably 1156 onwards. Built by Maharawal Jaisal.


NOTES:
These types of spaces and surface embellishments are typical to this part of Rajasthan. Dates: second half of the 12th C., probably 1156 onwards. Built by Maharawal Jaisal.


TITLE_1:
Residents of Jaisalmer Outside Their Houses


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); jalis; śikharas

NOTES:
This temple is one of the many renowned Svetambara temples in Jaisalmer, recognizable by their intricately carved facades and spires. It is also known as Nartoraniya. Dates: early 15th C., probably 1416. Built by Jai Singh Oswal. Jain temple


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); adisthanam; upapitham; vimanas


VIEW:
Ext.: facade with Moti Mahal in background

KEYWORDS:
śikharas; mandapas; Bangaldar; roofs; jalis

NOTES:
Temple within the fort complex. Cluster of temples in the fort may have served as temples for the royal family. Svetambara Jain Temple; plan follows the patterns of Solanki and Vaghela School. Dates: early 15th C. Built by Maharaja Jai Singh.


VIEW:
Int.: detailed frieze along upper level of temple interior


NOTES:
Traditional residential unit of Jaisalmer. Havelis in Jaisalmer were occupied by the very rich as well as the middle classes. They are characterized by their wood and sandstone construction and elaborate embellishment.

CITATION_2:
Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert; The Rajput Palaces; New Haven: Yale University Press; 1987; Fine Arts; NA1507.R35 T57 1987


KEYWORDS:
jharokha; jalis; balustrades; brackets (structural elements)

CITATION_2:
Tillotson, Giles Henry Rupert; The Rajput Palaces: the Development of an Architectural Style; New Haven: Yale University Press; 1987; Fine Arts Library; NA1507.R35 T57 1987


KEYWORDS:
jharokha; jalis; balustrades; brackets (structural elements); Bangaldar; chajjas


NOTES:
Closed alcove with a small opening for looking out (Jharokha). Havelis in Jaisalmer were occupied by the very rich as well as the middle classes. They are characterized by their wood and sandstone construction and elaborate embellishment.


KEYWORDS:
jharokha; Bangaldar; eaves; Kangra; paintings; fountains

NOTES:
Havelis in Jaisalmer were occupied by the very rich as well as the middle classes. They are characterized by their wood and sandstone construction and elaborate embellishment.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: looking from towards courtyard


KEYWORDS:
jharokha; Bangaldar; arches; balconies; balustrades; chajjas

NOTES:
Residence of Deewan Salim Singh, minister of the ruling Maharawal. Singular construction of Haveli on a raised platform; exquisite bangaldar jharokhas in uppermost apartment called moti-mahal. Dates: early 19th C., probably 1815. Built by Salim Singh.


KEYWORDS:
plinths; stairs; jharokha; jalis; balustrades

NOTES:
One of a set of residences commissioned by Ghuman Chand Patwa for his family. Group of five havelis, known for exquisite stone carvings, lattice work and jharokhas. Dates: early 19th C. Built by the family of Ghuman Chand Patwa.


VIEW:
Ext.: terrace on top of the Patna Havelis


VIEW:
Ext.: open courtyard leading up to the terrace


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; columns (architectural elements); balconies


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; columns (architectural elements); brackets (structural elements); alcoves


VIEW:
Int.: rooms leading off from an open courtyard


VIEW:
Int.: Jharokha overlooking interior courtyard

KEYWORDS:
courtyards; columns (architectural elements); brackets (structural elements); alcoves; jharokha; chajjas


KEYWORDS:
façades; jharokha; Bangaldar; arches; elephants; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Façade of the Haveli is extremely ornate; formed by seven golden lustered stones; its two sides were carved by two brothers. Dates: late 19th C., probably 1885. Built by Divan Nathmal. Residence of Deewan Nathmal, a minister of the Maharamal court.


KEYWORDS:
façades; jharokha; Bangaldar; arches; elephants; sculpture (visual work); chowks


NOTES:
The façade of the Haveli is extremely ornate and is formed by seven golden lustered stones; its two sides were carved by two brothers. Dates: late 19th C., probably 1885. Built by Divan Nathmal.


NOTES:
Pleasure palace built around an artificial lake. A natural lake around which a temple complex and palaces were constructed. Dates: late 17th C. Built by Maharawal Amar Singh.


VIEW:
Ext.: gateway between the palace and lake


VIEW:
Ext.: steps leading to the lake from the palace


VIEW:
Ext.: palace with temple sikhara in background


NOTES:
Pleasure palace built around an artificial lake. Double story temple dedicated to Adishvar Bhagwan contains intricate water streams. Dates: second half of the 19th C., probably 1871. Built by Seth Himmat Ramji Batana.


NOTES:
Memorials built on sites of funeral pyres of the Rajput royal families. These devals are located a little outside Jaisalmer and reflect a maturity in the Rajput style.


NOTES:
Memorials marking the funeral sites of members of the royal families. These devals are located a little outside Jaisalmer and reflect a maturity in the Rajput style.


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); vaults (structural elements); arches

NOTES:
A natural lake around which a temple complex and palaces were constructed.


KEYWORDS:
caravans; people; oases (landscapes); camels


NOTES:
Jaisalmer is surrounded by a number of small deserted hamlets.


VIEW:
Tanker providing water to a Rajasthan pastoral tribe

KEYWORDS:
caravans; people; oases (landscapes); camels; tankers

CITATION_3:
Fass, Virginia; The Forts of India; London: Collins; 1986; Fine Arts; NA497.I4 F24 1986#


VIEW:
Women with water pots filled at the water tanker


NOTES:
This sculpture is probably made of yellow sandstone. The temple is unidentified.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: carving set into the exterior wall of temple


NOTES:
This is the oldest building within the fort. Fort was built over a period of 300 years. Dates: late 16th C., probably 1588-1593 (initial construction). Built by Raja Rai Singh (reign 1571-1611).

CITATION_3:
Fass, Virginia; The Forts of India; London: Collins; 1986; Fine Arts; NA497.I4 F24 1986#Fass, Virginia; The Forts of India; London: Collins; 1986; Fine Arts; NA497.I4 F24 1986#


NOTES:
This is the oldest building within the fort. Fort was built over a period of 300 years. Dates: late 16th C., probably 1588-1593 (initial construction). Built by Raja Rai Singh and successive Rathor Rajput kings.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: entrance gate with Sati handprints

NOTES:
Wall belongs to the earlier part of the fort since the practice of Sati became infrequent towards the 20th C. until it was legally banned altogether. Dates: late 16th C., probably 1588-1593. Built by Rathor Rajput.


TITLE_1:
Junagarh Fort; Karan Mahal Chowk; Durbar Court

KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Bangaldar; chajja; balustrades; stones; jalis; courtyards

NOTES:
Area also probably called the Durbar Court. Dates: mid 17th C. Built by Raja Karan Singh (reign 1631-1669).


NOTES:
Oldest parts of the Fort, intricate stylized painting of floral motifs on the ceiling and walls. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C., probably 1588-1593. Built by Raja Rai Singh (reign 1571-1611).


NOTES:
Resembles Shahjahani style with continuous arcades of cusped arches supported by balustered and fluted columns. Dates: mid 17th C. Built by Raja Karan Singh (reign 1631-1669).


VIEW:
Ext.: West range of the palace, around a courtyard

NOTES:
A lavish private audience chamber (dīvān-i khāṣ) is decorated with red and gold paint, mirror work and inlaid coloured glass., late 18th C. addition by Raja Surat Singh. Dates: late 17th C. Built by Anup Singh (reign 1669-1698).


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Bangaldar; chajja; balustrades; stones; jalis

NOTES:
Built in a blend of Rajput and European styles. Dates: late 19th to early 20th C. Built by Maharaja Ganga Singh.


NOTES:
This royal set of apartments is considered the most lavish in the entire fort. Dates: mid to late 18th C. Built by Maharaja Gaj Singh (reign 1745-1787).


NOTES:
The Sheesh Mahal (palace of mirrors) formed part of the royal apartments. Dates: mid to late 18th C. Built by Maharaja Gaj Singh (reign 1745-1787).


NOTES:
May have been a place of religious ceremony. Fort was built over a period of 300 years. Dates: late 16th C., probably 1588-1593 (initial construction). Built by Raja Rai Singh and successive Rathor Rajput kings.


KEYWORDS:
Bangaldar; roofs; chajjas; arches; domes (dome components)

NOTES:
Built of red sandstone, and rich with carved screens and pavilions it represents a blend of Rajput and European elements. Dates: first half of the 20th C., probably 1902-1926. Built by Maharaja Ganga Singh (reign 1887-1943).


KEYWORDS:
Bangaldar; roofs; chajjas; arches; domes (dome components);


NOTES:
Memorials built on sites of funeral pyres of the Rajput royal families. Devals reflect the contemporary building style in the cusped arches, fluted colums, and onion domes. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C.


NOTES:
This view shows marble funeral stones which are set within small shrines in the center of each deval. Stones depict the dead person in his/her full splendor, along with religious symbol. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C.


NOTES:
In all probability this marble slab is set in the ground unlike the funeral stones shown in the previous slides. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C.


VIEW:
Int.: rats drinking milk in the garbagriha

NOTES:
Dedicated to Karni Mata, a 15th C. saint; occupied by rats said to be reincarnations of bards from the saint's clan. Dates: mid to late 16th C. Built by Maharaja Ganga Singh.

CITATION_1:
Beny, Roloff; Rajasthan: Land of Kings; New York City: Vendome Press; 1984; Annex; DS485.R2 B47 1984


TITLE_1:
View of (L-R) Panch Mahal, Abdar Khana, Diwan-i-khas


TITLE_1:
View of Anup Talao (foreground), Harem Wall, Panch Mahal, Abdar Khana


TITLE_1:
View of Anup Talao (foreground), Harem Wall, and part of Abdar Khana


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest from the upper balcony of the Panch Mahal


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest from the upper balcony of the Panch Mahal


KEYWORDS:
Panch Mahal; chhatri; columns (architectural elements); Panchisi Court;


KEYWORDS:
Panch Mahal; chhatri; columns (architectural elements); Panchisi Court


KEYWORDS:
Panch Mahal; chhatri; columns (architectural elements); Panchisi Court; Abdar Khana


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); courtyards; gardens


VIEW:
Ext.: view from East; at left is the astrologer's seat

KEYWORDS:
astrologers; seats (furniture components); chhatri

NOTES:
The royal treasury. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; prayers; halls; cusped arches; chhatri

NOTES:
One of the largest mosque complexes in India; constructed wholly of red sandstone; comprises the main mosque, two tombs, arcades. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


KEYWORDS:
cusped arches; chhatri; domes (dome components); gates

NOTES:
The main public entrance to the Jami Masjid; one of the largest gateways in India. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Exact date of village inception unknown.  Important center of Sufi philosophy (expecially the school of Shaik Salim Chishti) and capital city Fatehpu…


NOTES:
Built on top of the Chittar hill outside the fortifications. Synthesis of Rajput Hindu form and Art Deco. Dates: second quarter of the 20th C., probably 1930. Built by Maharaja Umaid Singh.


NOTES:
Located on a steep hill 122 m high above surrounding plain. The fort built over several centuries by Rathor Rajputs has seven entrance gates. Dates: second half of the 15th C. Built by (initial) Rao Jodha (reign 1458-1489).


VIEW:
Ext.: wall with handprints of the women who committed Sati

NOTES:
The hand prints are of the wives and concubines of Ajit Singh who commited sati on his funeral pyre in 1724. Last of the seven gates in the fort. Dates: second half of the 15th C. Built by Rao Jodha (reign 1458-1489).


NOTES:
Located on a steep hill 122 m high above surrounding plain. The fort, built over several centuries by Rathor Rajputs, has seven entrance gates. Dates: second half of the 15th C. Built by (initial) Rao Jodha (reign 1458-1489).


VIEW:
Theory: reproduction of poem by Maharaja Prem Singh


VIEW:
Theory: census of first fifteen formed big states in India


NOTES:
Courtyard called Moti Mahal Chowk; one of the older parts of the palace; two-thirds of the palace was a zenana. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1670. Built by Maharaja Jaswant Singh (reign 1638-1678).


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; chariots (ancient vehicles); seats (furniture components)


NOTES:
This pavilion constitutes the W range of the Moti Mahal Chowk which also housed the Zenana; now converted to a museum. Dates: early 18th C. Probably built by Maharaja Ajit Singh (reign 1680-1725).


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; glass (material); inlays

NOTES:
Adjacent to the Daulat Khana and Umaid Vilas. Fine example of Rajput mirror inlay work. Dates: early 18th C. Probably built by Maharaja Ajit Singh (reign 1680-1725).


NOTES:
The upper stories of the palace form a continuous perforated screen through which the royal women watched the activities in the Singar Choki Chowk (courtyard). Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1670. Built by Maharaja Jaswant Singh (reign 1638-1678).


VIEW:
Ext.: with singar choki chowk in foreground


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; frescoes; inlays; mirrors

NOTES:
Royal Apartment decorated in a mix of traditional motifs; inspired by Indian legends and western elements such as Christmas-tree balls. Dates: mid 19th C. Built by Maharaja Takhat Singh (reign 1843-1873).


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; assembly halls; mirrors; gold; inlays; frescoes

NOTES:
Part of the Mardana (men's quarters). Introduced the screen in the Mardana for the first time. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C. Built by Maharaja Ajit Singh (reign 1680-1725).


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; Rajput; mirrors; gold; inlays; frescoes


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; Rajput; mirrors; gold; inlays; frescoes; stained glass (material)


VIEW:
Int.: royal tent of Maharaja Abhai Singh


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; mandapas; domes (dome components); chhatri

NOTES:
Devals are structures marking funeral sites of the royal family; similar in style to Indian temple architecture. Possibly that of Raja Ajit Singh. Dates: mid 17th to mid 18th C. Built by Raja Abhai Singh (possibly).


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; mandapas; domes (dome components); chhatri; Bangaldar; roofs


KEYWORDS:
Bangaldar; roofs; eaves; domes (dome components); spires

NOTES:
Devals are structures marking funeral sites of the royal family; similar in style to Indian temple architecture. Possibly that of Raja Jaswant Singh. Dates: 17th C. Built by Ajit Singh (possibly) (reign 1680-1725).


CITATION_2:
Fergusson, James; History of Indian and Eastern Architecture; Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal; 1967; Kroch Library Asia; NA1460.F35 1967

CITATION_3:
Nawab, Sarabhai Manilal, comp.; Jaina Tirthas in India and Their Architecture; Ahmedabad: Sarabhai Manilal Nawab; 1944; Annex; NA6002.J25


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; shrines (structures); domes (dome components)

NOTES:
Ranakpur is considered one of the five holy places of the Jains; it has three Jain temples which are characterized by the juxtaposition of shikhara and domes. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449. Built by Dharanshah and Rana Khumba.


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); mandapas; roofs; domes (dome components)

NOTES:
Dedicated to Adinatha, the first of the twenty-four Jain Tirthankaras. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449. Commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


NOTES:
Dedicated to Adinatha, the first of the twenty-four Jain Tirthankaras. Dates: mid to late 15th C., probably 1440-1500.  Commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


VIEW:
Ext.: Rangamandapa with main shrine in the background

KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); columns (architectural elements); shrines (structures); śikharas; mandapas

NOTES:
Dedicated to Adinatha, the first of the twenty-four Jain Tirthankaras. Dates: mid to late 15th C., probably 1440-1500. Commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


VIEW:
Ext.: (L to R) Chaumukha shikhara (main shrine), Rangamandapa, shikhara (minor shrines).


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; flags; roofs; amalaka; kalasha


VIEW:
Ext.det.: upper half of shikhara (main shikhara in the background).


VIEW:
Ext.: temple roof, main shikhara in the background


NOTES:
Dedicated to Adinatha, the first of the twenty-four Jain Tirthankaras. Dates: mid to late 15th C., probably 1440-1500. Built: commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


VIEW:
Ext.: roof of main hall, shikhara in the background

KEYWORDS:
roofs; domes (dome components); śikharas


NOTES:
Ranakpur is considered one of the five holy places of the Jains; it has three Jain temples of similar architectural style. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449. Built by Dharanshah and Rana Khumba.


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; domes (dome components); kalasha


KEYWORDS:
prakara; pradakshinapatha; adisthanam; upapitham; mandapas; domes (dome components)

NOTES:
There are 80 niches designed as miniature shrine that enshrined the 24 Jain teachers. Dates: mid to late 15th C., probably 1440-1500. Commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


NOTES:
There are 80 niches designed as miniature shrine that enshrined the 24 Jain teachers. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449. Commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


KEYWORDS:
vimanas; cells (interior spaces); devakoshtha; columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); columns (architectural elements)


NOTES:
Open pillared and multi-storied mandapas. The entrance mandapa has a domed roof while inner halls are surrounded by complex bell-spired roof (samvarana). Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449.


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; courtyards; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Int.: North Meghanada Mandapa (central hall) with elephant sculpture

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); sculpture (visual work); elephants

NOTES:
The seated woman on the elephant represents Maru Devi, the mother of the first Jain teacher. The entrance mandapa has a domed roof while inner halls are surrounded by complex bell-spired roof (samvarana). Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449.


NOTES:
Seated woman on elephant represents Maru Devi, the mother of the first Jain teacher. Entrance mandapa has a domed roof, inner halls are surrounded by complex bell-spired roof (samvarana). Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449.


NOTES:
Dedicated to Adinatha, the first of the twenty-four Jain Tirthankaras. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449.  Commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


KEYWORDS:
roofs; domes (dome components); sculpture (visual work); pendants (architectural ornaments)

NOTES:
The dome was made by concentric courses of diminishing diameter. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449. Commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


VIEW:
Int.: East Meghanada Mandapa (central hall)


PERIOD:
Abhira dynasty (Gurjara Pratihara Period)

NOTES:
Part of the northern group of temples in Osia. The compound has an earlier sun temple (8th C.), a Pippala devi (8th and 9th C.) and a Vishnu Temple. Sachiya Mata is noted for fine sculptures on its subsidary shrine. Dates: 12th C.; central shrine 1178.

CITATION_1:
Sivaramamurti, Calambur; The Art of India; New York: H. N. Abrams; 1977; Fine Arts; N7302.S62 1977

CITATION_2:
Mehta, Rustam Jehangir; Masterpieces of Indian Temples; Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons; 1974; Fine Arts; NA6002.M49


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; vaults (structural elements); stairs

NOTES:
A group of three temples dedicated to both Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara). Temple 3 has panels depicting Krishna narratives. The Mulaprasada does not survive but the mandapa is notable for its vaulted ceiling. Dates: early 9th C.


NOTES:
A group of three temples dedicated to both Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara). Temple 1 follows a panchayatana plan and stands on a square plinth. Although it has suffered extensive damage some columns survive. Dates: second quarter of the 9th C.


NOTES:
A group of three temples dedicated to both Vishnu (Hari) and Shiva (Hara). Temple 2 is noted for its fine depictions of Harihara on its eastern panel, Narasimha on the north, and Trivikama on the south. Dates: late 9th C.


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; antarala; mandapas; shrines (structures); people

NOTES:
Dedicated to Mahavira. Though built in different periods, entire complex has a sense of organic unity. Like all Jain temples, characterized by intricate carvings of Jain icon. Dates: 8th to 12th C. Built by Vatsaraja.


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); columns (architectural elements); toranas; mandapas


KEYWORDS:
cusped arches; screens (furniture); domes (dome components)

NOTES:
Comprises a large cloistered quadrangle, with minaret remains at the corners. The interior has a hypostyle prayer hall. Dates: early 12th C. Built: possibly Qutb-Ud-din-Aibak (Delhi Sultanate).

CITATION_1:
Grover, Satish; The Architecture of India: Islamic (727-1707 A.D.); New Delhi: Vikas Pub. House; 1981; Fine Arts; NA1502.G88

CITATION_2:
Mehta, Rustam Jehangir; Masterpieces of Indo-Islamic Architecture; Bombay: Taraporevala; 1976; Fine Arts; NA1502.M49


VIEW:
Int.: central hall - entrance to the tomb


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to the complex from the city bazaar

KEYWORDS:
entrances; markets (events); cusped arches

NOTES:
Shrine of the Sufi Saint Khwaja Muinuddin Chisthi; dedicated to Sufi Saint Suin-ud-din Chisti. Original tomb raised after his death. Subsequently enlarged under Mughal rule, especially by Humayun, Akbar and Shah Jahan. Dates: 1256; 1530-1605; 1630-1650.


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); courtyards; marble (rock); people


VIEW:
Ext.: Chishti's tomb from courtyard of adjoining mosque


NOTES:
This is one of the few temples in India that is devoted entirely to Brahma, the creator in the Hindu Trinity. Dates: 14th C.


NOTES:
Palace containing private apartments. One of the earlier palaces built at Dig. Square plan with octagonal towers at the corner. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C. Attributed to the uncle of Raja Suraj Mal.


VIEW:
Ext.: from West, from main palace garden

KEYWORDS:
channels (water body components); fountains; gardens; Baradari; pavilions (garden structures)

NOTES:
Eastern pavilion in main palace of Dig. The main palace comprises group of detached pavilions arranged around formal gardens with fountains. Dates: mid 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


NOTES:
Eastern pavilion in the main palace of Dig. The main palace comprises a group of detached pavilions arranged around formal gardens with fountains. Dates: mid 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


VIEW:
Int.: looking at West side of formal garden towards Gopal Bhawan


VIEW:
Int.: looking at South side of formal garden towards Kishan Bhawan


VIEW:
Int.: looking at North side of formal garden towards Nand Bhawan


KEYWORDS:
channels (water body components); fountains; gardens; palaces

NOTES:
The northern pavilion of the garden complex. The main palace comprises a group of detached pavilions arranged around formal gardens with fountains. Dates: mid 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


KEYWORDS:
fountains; channels (water body components); gardens; palaces


KEYWORDS:
gardens; fountains; palaces; channels (water body components)

NOTES:
The western pavilion of the garden complex. The main palace comprises a group of detached pavilions arranged around formal gardens with fountains. Dates: second half of the 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


NOTES:
The main palace comprises a group of detached pavilions arranged around formal gardens with fountains. Dates: mid 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast corner of Gopal Sagar

KEYWORDS:
lakes; palaces; stairs; Bangaldar; roofs

NOTES:
Southwest pavilion in the main palace. The main palace comprises a group of detached pavilions arranged around formal gardens with fountains. Dates: mid 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


VIEW:
Int.: private meeting and seating spaces

KEYWORDS:
Bangaldar; arches; columns (architectural elements); jharokha; marble (rock)

NOTES:
Interior of Dig palace, identification of which palace not positive. The furniture inside is late 18th and 19th C. Dates: mid 18th C., probably 1760.


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; entrances; mandapas; domes (dome components)


VIEW:
Ext.: triple-storied shikhara from courtyard

KEYWORDS:
śikharas; mandapas; courtyards; columns (architectural elements)


NOTES:
The Dilwara group consists of four exquisitly carved Jain temples. The temples are made entirely of white marble. Dates: second quarter of the 11th C. to the third quarter of the 15th C.


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; prakara; columns (architectural elements)

NOTES:
Earliest of the Dilwara Temples, dedicated to Adinatha, known for its richly carved pillars and ceiling. Dates: mid 11th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala (minister under Solanki dynasty).


KEYWORDS:
interiors; columns (architectural elements); halls


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); marble (rock); screens (furniture)


VIEW:
Int.: mandapa with main shrine in the background

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Int.: looking to the courtyard from the mandapa

KEYWORDS:
courtyards; mandapas; columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
ceilings; courtyards; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Earliest of the Dilwara Temples, dedicated to Adinatha, known for its richly carved pillars and ceiling. Dates: mid 11th C. to mid 12th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala. This ceiling was added in about 1150 by a minister named Prthuipata.


KEYWORDS:
ceilings; mandapas; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Earliest of the Dilwara Temples, dedicated to Adinatha, known for its richly carved pillars and ceiling. Dates: mid 11th C to mid 12th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala. This ceiling was added in about 1150 by a minister named Prthuipata.


KEYWORDS:
ceilings; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Earliest of the Dilwara Temples, dedicated to Adinatha, known for its richly carved pillars and ceiling. Dates: mid 11th to mid 12th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala. This ceiling was added in about 1150 by a minister named Prthuipata.


VIEW:
Int.det.: Vidya-Devi, Ranga Mandapa ceiling

NOTES:
Earliest of the Dilwara Temples, dedicated to Adinatha, known for its richly carved pillars and ceiling. Dates: mid 11th to mid 12th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala. Ceiling added about 1150. Sixteen statues are arrayed on the ceiling.


VIEW:
Ext.: with Adisvara Temple in background

NOTES:
Situated next to the Adisvara Temple, enshrines a black image of Parsvanatha.


NOTES:
Unidentified temple site. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449.


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); chandeliers


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); friezes; plinths

NOTES:
Ranakpur is considered one of the five holy places of the Jains; it has three Jain temples of similar architectural style. Dates: mid to late 15th C., probably 1440-1500. Built by Dharanshah and Rana Khumba.


NOTES:
Sculptural representation of Mt. Shatrujaya near Palitana, Yujrat. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1440-1449.


NOTES:
Temple is a Digamber Jain temple and the present white marble one is constructed on the red sandstone foundation of an older one which is still partially visible.


NOTES:
While the pavilion was originally built by Anup Singh, the rich and elaborate decoration was a late 18th C. addition by Raja Surat Singh (1787-1828). Dates: late 17th C.


VIEW:
Int.: bedroom in Maharaja's private apartments

NOTES:
This set of apartments is considered the most lavish in the entire fort. Dates: mid to late 18th C. Built by Maharaja Gaj Singh (reign 1745-1787).


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; Rajput; stained glass (material); gold; inlays


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); chhatri; palaces; pavilions (garden structures)

NOTES:
Located on the eastern bank of Pichola Lake, this was the main palace complex for the king. Dates: second half of the 16th to the first half of the 18th C., probably 1567-1572 and 1614-1734. Built by Rana Udai Singh, Rana Amar Singh I & II.


NOTES:
The western pavilion of the garden complex. The main palace comprises a group of detached pavilions arranged around formal gardens with fountains. Dates: mid 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


VIEW:
Ext.: (R to L) Bhadon, Gopal and Sawan Bhawan.

KEYWORDS:
pavilions (garden structures); lakes; Bangaldar; roofs

NOTES:
The western facade of the garden complex, flanking Gopal Sagar. The main palace comprises a group of detached pavilions arranged around formal gardens with fountains. Dates: mid 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


NOTES:
South-west corner of palace complex, connected to zenana. Dates: mid 18th C., started 1760. Built by Raja Suraj Mal (reign 1733-1763).


KEYWORDS:
palaces; gardens; fountains; channels (water body components)


NOTES:
Garh palace built in the rajput tradition; though not presenting any major developments. Similar to the palace at Dig, as it is built around two courtyards. Dates: first half of the 18th C., probably 1733. Built by Raja Badan Singh.


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; chhatri; Bangaldar; arches; chajjas


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; chhatri; Bangaldar; arches; chajjas


CITATION_1:
Fass, Virginia; The Forts of India; London: Collins; 1986; Fine Arts; NA497.I4 F24 1986#


KEYWORDS:
jharokha; Bangaldar; arches; brackets (structural elements); columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
balustrades; balconies; brackets (structural elements); chajjas


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; Rajput; façades; jalis


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Mehrangarh; Rajput; mirrors; inlays

NOTES:
Adjacent to the Daulat Khana and Umaid Vilas. Fine example of Rajput mirror inlay work. Dates: early 18th C. Probably by Maharaja Ajit Singh (reign 1680-1725).


NOTES:
This is the oldest surviving portion of the fort. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C., probably 1592-1615. Built by Man Singh.


NOTES:
Lake garden at the bottom of the Amber Fort hill.


KEYWORDS:
façades; arcades; Bangaldar; roofs; domes (dome components); cusped arches


KEYWORDS:
cusped arches; channels (water body components); fountains; marble (rock); inlays


KEYWORDS:
channels (water body components); gardens; balustrades


NOTES:
Section of a street in Old Jaipur. Dates: first half of the 18th C., probably 1727-1733. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


NOTES:
Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1728-1734. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


NOTES:
From the Department of Tourism, Government of India Tourism Development Corp.


VIEW:
Ext.: from North, astrologer's seat in foreground

KEYWORDS:
Panch Mahal; chhatri; columns (architectural elements); Panchisi Court; astrologers; seats (furniture components); arches


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); courtyards; gardens; thrones


VIEW:
Ext.: treasury kiosk of the royal treasury from South


NOTES:
Home of the court musician Tansen. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


KEYWORDS:
tombs;s Islam Khan; screens (furniture); columns (architectural elements)


NOTES:
Northern cloister of the mosque; contains the graves of the women of the Chishti family. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Functioned as the emperor's private access to the mosque. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to prayer hall from Southeast


NOTES:
Made of red sandstone; central feature are extensively carved brackets and piers. Dates: late 16th C. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605).


KEYWORDS:
Sikandra; mausoleums; gardens; plans (drawings)


VIEW:
Ext.: from the garden, the main southern gateway to the mausoleum

KEYWORDS:
Sikandra; mausoleums; tombs; gates; gardens


VIEW:
Plan: garden in which the mausoleum is situated

KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; mausoleums; gardens; plans (drawings)


VIEW:
Int.det.: inlaid dado in the mortuary chamber

KEYWORDS:
mausoleums; mortuary chamber; dadoes; inlays


KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; mausoleums; interiors; marble (rock); screens (furniture); tombs


NOTES:
Major fort and imperial city; constructed mainly in red sanstone. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1565-1579. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Constructed of white marble; comprises elaborate courtyard and arcades. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1648-1654. Built by Shah Jahan.


NOTES:
One of the oldest sections of the fort; trabeated structure of red sandstone. Dates: late 16th C. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Built entirely of white marble; adjoins a garden known as the Anguri Bagh (grape garden). Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1631-1640. Built by Shah Jahan.


NOTES:
All walls except for those with marble panel were inlaid with glass; also has an extensive network of fountains and water channels. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1631-1640. Built by Shah Jahan.


NOTES:
Hall of public audience; red sandstone covered with white shell plaster; housed the throne chamber. Dates: early to mid 17th C., probably 1631-1640. Built by Shah Jahan, replacing the wooden structure made by Akbar.


NOTES:
Hall of private audience; wholly constructed of white marble. Dates: second quarter of the 17th C., probably 1635. Built by Shah Jahan.


NOTES:
Private mosque inside the fort; made of white marble. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1631-1640. Built by Shah Jahan.


NOTES:
Tomb of Mirza Ghiyas Beg [Itmad-Ud-Daulah], father-in-law of emperor Jahangir; known for its decorative inlay work on marble. Dates: first half of the 17th C., probably 1622-1628. Built by empress Nur Jehan.


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; domes (dome components); mountains


KEYWORDS:
façades; domes (dome components); minarets

NOTES:
Made with combination of marble and red sandstone; known for its mature formal composition. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1650. Built by Shah Jahan.


VIEW:
Int.: cloister connecting the emperor's apartment

KEYWORDS:
Panch Mahal; columns (architectural elements); cloisters; Khwabgah


VIEW:
Aerial: Diwan-i-am and part of Daulat Khana on the right, seen from Panch Mahal


KEYWORDS:
Panch Mahal; domes (dome components); chhattri; cusped arches; courtyards


TITLE_1:
View of silhouette of the buildings in the Haram Sarai


TITLE_1:
View of fields seen from the Panch Mahal


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R) Turkish Sultana's House, Kwabgah, Abdar Khana and Panch Mahal


TITLE_1:
View of tunnel connecting the Haram Sarai to garden


VIEW:
Ext.: with Northwest harem pavilion on the left

KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); chhatri; Haram Sarai


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); chhatri; entrances


NOTES:
Housed the administrative system that directed the affairs of the women in the Imperial Harem. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Resting place for caravans. Dates: second half of the 16th C., probably 1568-1583. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: water channel leading to the mausoleum


VIEW:
Ext.: waterbody in front of the mausoleum


VIEW:
Ext.: mausoleum, water body, guest-house and mosque


VIEW:
Ext.: water channel leading to the Mausoleum

KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; mausoleums; channels (water body components)


VIEW:
Ext.: silhouette of pavilion at the corner of the boundary wall

KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; complexes; boundary walls; pavilions (garden structures)


KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; complexes; boundary walls; towers


VIEW:
Ext.: from East, in front of the Mausoleum


KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; mausoleums; domes (dome components)


VIEW:
Ext.: carved window screen and inlaid marble

KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; mausoleums; marble (rock); screens (furniture); inlays


VIEW:
Ext.: carved window screen and carved inlaid marble dado


VIEW:
Ext.: water channel, gardens and main gateway

KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; mausoleums; gardens; channels (water body components); gates


TITLE_1:
Minaret and Terrace Overlooking the Yamuna River

NOTES:
Built for Mumtaz Mahal. Based on the Charbagh plan; constructed wholly of white marble; extensive decorative inlay of semiprecious stones. Dates: mid 17th C. Built by Shah Jahan.


KEYWORDS:
Taj Mahal; mausoleums; channels (water body components); entrances


KEYWORDS:
Itmad-ud-Daulah; mausoleums; plans (drawings); gardens


VIEW:
Int.: mortuary chamber in the mausoleum with the tomb of Ghiyas Beg and his wife


VIEW:
Int.: tomb of another member of the same family


VIEW:
Int.det.: inlaid marble inside the mausoleum

KEYWORDS:
Itmad-ud-Daulah; mausoleums; marble (rock); inlays


NOTES:
Tomb of Mirza Ghiyas Beg [Itmad-Ud-Daulah], father-in-law of emperor Jahangir; known for its decorative inlay work on Marble. Dates: first half of the 17th C., probably 1622-1628. Built by empress Nur Jehan.


VIEW:
Ext.: main southern gateway seen from the tomb


VIEW:
Int.: tombs of Ghiyas Beg and his wife in the mortuary chamber


NOTES:
This was the main entrance to the fort and faces the Jami masjid. Dates: third quarter of the 16th C., probably 1568-1569. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Ext.: from North, with the Bengali Burj in the background


VIEW:
Int.: looking South, with the Bengali Burj in the background


VIEW:
Ext.: courtyard and front facade of palace


VIEW:
Ext.: enclosed passageway leading into the palace

KEYWORDS:
Khas Mahal; passages (circulation spaces)


NOTES:
Marble palace where Shah adjoining Sheesh mahal; Shah Jahan was imprisioned and died there. Dates: second quarter of the 17th C., probably 1628-1630. Built by Shah Jahan.


VIEW:
Int.: part of the balustrade, with filigree screens (furniture)

KEYWORDS:
Mussamman Burj; balustrades; screens (furniture)


VIEW:
Ext.: the courtyard seen from Hammam-I-Shahi


NOTES:
Imperial complex of the Delhi Sultanate; comprising palaces, tombs, victory towers and madarsa. Dates: 13th to 16th C. Built by Qutub-ud-din Aibak and successive sultans.


KEYWORDS:
Mamluk; Qutb minar; towers; Koranic inscriptions

NOTES:
Made of red sandstone; approximately 238 feet high; decorated with inscriptions from the Quran. Dates: early 13th - mid 14th C., probably 1202, 1210, and 1350. Built by Qutub-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish, and Firuz-shah Tugluq.


NOTES:
The mosque is the religious statement of the complex; one of the early examples of a blend of Hindu and Islamic architectural styles. Dates: late 12th C., probably 1191-1198. Built by Qutub-ud-din Aibak.


KEYWORDS:
tombs; domes (dome components); arches; iwan

NOTES:
Built for Mirza Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan. Dates: first half of the 17th C., probably 1626-1627. Built during Emperor Jahangir's reign (1605-1627). Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


NOTES:
Strongly influenced by Persian architecture of 'Char Bagh' (paradise garden). Dates: mid 16th C., probably 1565-1566. Built by Hamida Banu Begum (senior queen of emperor Humayun).


VIEW:
Garden: with causeways and water channel

KEYWORDS:
tombs;  gardens; causeways; channels (water body components)

NOTES:
The tomb in Islamic architecture is usually set in a symmetrically arranged garden complex which is often divided into four smaller gardens. Dates: mid 16th C., probably 1565-1566.


NOTES:
Complex comprising water tank, tombs, garden, school, mosque. Dates: late 13th - early 14th C. Built by Khalji Sultans.


VIEW:
Ext.: Ashokan Pillar and three-tiered substructure

NOTES:
Formerly the inner citadel. Dates: mid 14th C., probably 1354. Built by Firuz-Shah Tughlaq.


VIEW:
Ext.: the Ashok Lat and three-tiered substructure


NOTES:
This monument is considered a watermark of pre-Mughal mosque design. Dates: mid 16th C., probably 1542. Built by Sher Shah Suri.


NOTES:
Functioned as a gateway. Dates: late 15th to early 16th C., probably 1494. Built during the reign of Sikandar Lodi.


NOTES:
Dates: mid 16th C., probably 1547-1548. Built by the Suri Kings, in whose court Isa Khan was a noble.


KEYWORDS:
tombs; domes (dome components); arches; gardens

NOTES:
Considered to be the finest example of later Mughal architecture at Delhi. Dates: mid 18th C., probably 1753. Built by Shuja-ud-daulah.


NOTES:
Built as a fortified city by Sultan Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq; the buildings are characterised by tapering masonry walls, a dominant feature of Multan architecture. Dates: early to mid 14th C.


KEYWORDS:
Mamluk; tombs; arches; courtyards; mihrabs

NOTES:
Tomb of the Sultan's son Nasir-ud-din Mahmud; one of the earliest Islamic royal tombs in India. Dates: second quarter of the 13th C., probably 1231-1232. Built by Sultan Iltutmish.


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); minarets; channels (water body components); cusped arches

NOTES:
Modeled on the Taj Mahal, the mausoleum is considered by some to represent the decline of Mughal architecture. Dates: second half of the 17th to early 18th C. Built by (reign 1658-1707).


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); minarets; channels (water body components); cusped arches; lawns (landscaped grass)


TITLE_1:
Map of Section of Delhi From Rajghat to Fatehpur Mosque


TITLE_1:
Map of Muhammed Bin Tughlaq's Empire in 1335


TITLE_1:
Map of India on the Eve of Babar's Invasion, 1525


VIEW:
Ext.: fort and town built outside the fortifications


KEYWORDS:
Man Mandir; chhatri; domes (dome components); arches

NOTES:
Multi-storey Palace situated at the edge of the fort overlooking the city. Richly decorated with ceramic tiles. Dates: late 15th to early 16th C.  Built by Raja Man Singh (reign 1486-1516).


KEYWORDS:
Man Mandir; chhatri; domes (dome components); arches; gates


KEYWORDS:
Man Mandir; chhatri; domes (dome components); arches; roads


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R) Man Mandir, Chattri and city (lashkar) below

NOTES:
The multi-story palace situated at the edge of the fort overlooking the city was built by Raja Man Singh (reign 1486-1516). Dates: 6th century. Built by Parihari, Kachhwaha, Pratihara, Delhi Sultanate and Tomar dynasty kings.


KEYWORDS:
Man Mandir; ceramic; tiles; panels (surface components)


VIEW:
Ext.: doorways of eastern wall of inner court


VIEW:
Ext.: roof of western wall of inner court


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Northeast corner of inner court


NOTES:
Literally: mother-in-law and daughter-in-law. Jain temples based on the panchyatana (five-shrine) plan. Known for its relief sculpture and vegetal motifs. Dates: late 11th C. Built by the Kachchhapaghata dynasty.


KEYWORDS:
Man Mandir; cells (interior spaces); courtyards


NOTES:
Multi-storey Palace situated at the edge of the fort overlooking the city. Richly decorated with ceramic tiles. Dates: late 15th to early 16th C. Built by Raja Man Singh (reign 1486-1516).


NOTES:
The fort was occupied by Hindu and Muslim kings, who built buildings inside and outside it. Dates: 6th C. Built by Parihari, Kachhwaha, Pratihara, Delhi Sultanate and Tomar dynasty kings.


VIEW:
Ext.: from South; Alai Darwaza in foreground


NOTES:
Dates: Late Mughal, mid 18th C., probably 1750. Built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.


KEYWORDS:
bell capitals (column components); pillars

NOTES:
Iron shaft 7.24 m high with an elaborate bell sized capital from the Gupta period. Moved to present location during the Mui'zz dynasty. Dates: late 4th C. Built by Chandra Gupta II.


NOTES:
Dates: early 12th C., probably 1100. Built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: extension of the screen of arches

KEYWORDS:
Mamluk; Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque; arches; screens (furniture)

NOTES:
Extension to the Quwwat-ul-islam Mosque. Dates: late 12th - early 13th C., probably 1191-1198. Built by Qutub-ud-din Aibak.


TITLE_1:
Qutub Minar Complex; Tomb and College of Alla-ud-din Khalji

KEYWORDS:
Khalji; tombs; colleges; domes (dome components); arches

NOTES:
One of the early examples of a blend of Hindu and Islamic architectural styles. Dates: early 14th C., probably 1317. Built by Ala-ud-din Khalji.


NOTES:
Second major Islamic tomb in India. Dates: second quarter of the 13th C., probably 1235. Built by Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish.


KEYWORDS:
madarsa; schools (organizations); domes (dome components); arcades

NOTES:
Near Hauz Khaz. Complex commisioned by Firuz Shah comprising mosque, college of theology and tomb. Dates: mid - late 14th C., probably 1388. Built by Firuz Shah Tughluq (reign 1351-1388).


KEYWORDS:
Hauz Khaz; Khalji; tanks (containers); madarsa; schools (organizations)

NOTES:
Complex comprising water tank, tombs, garden, school, mosque. Dates: late 13th - early 14th C., probably 1295. Built by Ala-ud-din Khalji.


KEYWORDS:
tombs; entrances; arches; screens (furniture)


VIEW:
Int.: courtyard with mihrab from East; marble pavillion in background

KEYWORDS:
Mamluk; tombs; arches; courtyards; mihrabs; marble (rock); pavilions (garden structures)


KEYWORDS:
Mamluk; tombs; arches; courtyards; colonnades


KEYWORDS:
Mamluk; tombs; arches; domes (dome components); gates


VIEW:
Int.: from inside tomb toward entrance gate


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to Mosque Compound from inside courtyard


KEYWORDS:
entrances; arches; arcades; ablutions; pools


KEYWORDS:
entrances; arches; arcades; courtyards; ablutions; pools


VIEW:
Ext.det.: prayer platform at Mosque entrance


NOTES:
Main entrance to the Diwan-i-Amm. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1639-1648. Built by Shah Jahan.


VIEW:
Int.det.: wall panel with pietra dura inlay

KEYWORDS:
panels (surface components); pietra dura


NOTES:
Private mosque of the emperor Aurangzeb, built in marble stone. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1659-1660. Built by Aurangzeb.


NOTES:
Dates: first half of the 20th C., probably 1900-1930. Built by the Birla family.


VIEW:
Int.: looking out towards the Diwan-i-khas


VIEW:
Ext.: rats drinking milk in inner courtyard

KEYWORDS:
courtyards; rats; columns (architectural elements)


NOTES:
Mosque and tomb complex dedicated to the saint Hazrat Nizam-ud-din Auliya; primarily a site for religious congregation and prayer. Dates: early 14th C.


NOTES:
Tomb of Mirza Aziz Kokaltash; foster brother of Emperor Akbar. Chausath Khamba (64 pillars). Dates: early 17th C., probably 1623.  Built by Mirza Aziz Kokaltash.


VIEW:
Garden: formal, around which palaces are located


VIEW:
Ext.: mausoleum of Tippu Sultan and Haider Ali

CITATION_1:
Desai, Ziyaud-Din A.; Indo-Islamic Architecture; New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India; 1970; Fine Arts; NA1502.D44


NOTES:
Summer palace of Tippu, the Sultan of Mysore. Dates: late 18th C. Built by Tippu Sultan (reign: 1783-1799).


VIEW:
Int.: doorway, lower level of Bibi-ka-Maqbara


NOTES:
There are 34 carved cave temples at Ellora; caves # 1-12 are Buddhist, 13-29 are Brahmanic, and 30-34 are Jain temples. Dates: 7th to mid 8th C., probably 600-730.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: view of upper level showing gavaksa detail

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; gavaksa


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; sculpture (visual work); Avalokitesvara


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; balconies


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; entrances; columns (architectural elements); bases


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; colonnades

NOTES:
A three tiered cave, the most elaborate amongst the buddhist caves. Dates: 7th to 8th C.


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Brahmanism; Kailasa

NOTES:
Brahmanic Cave. Considered to be the culmination of rock-cut temple architecture. Contains the extraordinarily powerful relief of Ravana shaking Mt. Kailasa. Dates: 7th to 8th C., probably late 8th C. Built by Krishna of Rashtrakuta dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: frieze at upapitham and adhisthanam level

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Brahmanism; Kailasa; friezes


VIEW:
Ext.: from entrance showing vimana and free standing elephant sculpture


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Brahmanism; Kailasa; friezes; adisthanam


VIEW:
Ext.: Dhvaja Sthamba (Flag Post) and part of vimana

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Brahmanism; Kailasa; dhvajasthambha; vimanas


VIEW:
Ext.: (from front to back) entrance, Dhvaja Sthamba, Vimana


VIEW:
Ext.: mandapa with Dhvaja Sthamba in foreground

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Brahmanism; Kailasa; dhvajasthambha; mandapas


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; plans (drawings)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; façades


VIEW:
Int.: chaitya hall with stupa and seated Buddha

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; chaityas; stupas; Buddha


NOTES:
There are 34 carved cave temples at Ellora; caves # 1-12 are Buddhist, 13-29 are Brahmanic, and 30-34 are Jain temples. Dates: 7th to 8th C.


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Digambar;  façades; columns (architectural elements); balconies; elephants; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Part of the Jain Caves. Dates: mid 8th C. to mid 10th C., probably 730-950. Built by Rashtrakuta king.


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Digambar;  façades; columns (architectural elements); balconies; elephants; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: elephants kneeling near entrance


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar; gates; toranas

CITATION_2:
Harle, James C.; Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent; London: Penguin Books; 1986; Fine Arts; N7301.H28


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar; façades; columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar; façades; columns (architectural elements); harmika


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar  columns (architectural elements); halls


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar  columns (architectural elements); sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar  Gommateshvara


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.

CITATION_2:
Weiner, Sheila L.; Ajanta: its Place in Buddhist Art; Berkeley: University of California Press; 1977; Kroch Library Asia;  NA6008.A35 W42


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 1st cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; sculpture (visual work); dwarfs


VIEW:
Fresco: Prince Mahajanaka receiving ritual purification


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; entrances; cells (interior spaces); columns (architectural elements)

NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 2nd cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; sculpture (visual work); Buddha


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; sculpture (visual work); kings (people); queens (people)


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 4th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 7th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 8th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 9th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


VIEW:
Ptng.: tracing of votaries approaching the stupa


VIEW:
Ptng.: tracing of Syama Jataka, second episode

NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 10th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


VIEW:
Ptng.: tracing of queen fainting at the sight of tusks


VIEW:
Ptng.: tracing of Syama Jataka, first episode


VIEW:
Ptng.: tracing of the Boddhisattva and his herd of elephants


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 16th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE. Built by Harishena and Varahadeva.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 17th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


VIEW:
Fresco: reincarnations of seven former Buddhas


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 23rd cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 26th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


NOTES:
Originally built during Yadava period, the fort subsequently fell under Delhi Sultanate (Muhammad Tugluq). It houses the Chand Minar, Jama Masjid and Chini Mahal. Dates: 11th to 14th C.


NOTES:
Memorial commemorating Indian soldiers who died in World War I and Afghan War. Dates: first half of the 20th C., probably 1931. Built by The British Imperial Government.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: pattern on gateway to mausoleum

KEYWORDS:
Sikandra; mausoleums; gates; patterns (design elements)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; Kailasa


VIEW:
Int.: mortuary chamber with tombs of Ghiyas Beg and his wife


VIEW:
Int.: mausoleum, tomb of another member of the same family


TITLE_1:
View from East showing the Hawa Mahal and the viaduct in the Imperial Harem


NOTES:
One of the oldest sections of the fort; trabeated structure of red sandstone. Dates:late 16th C. Built by Akbar (1542-1605, reign 1556-1605) .


VIEW:
Int.: mortuary chamber with tombs of the emperor and his wife


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Buddhism; columns (architectural elements); capitals (column components)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Buddhism; pillars


VIEW:
Int.: chaitya with stupa and seated Buddha

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Buddhism; chaityas; interiors; stupas; Buddha


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; Kailasa; vimanas


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; Kailasa; mandapas


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; Kailasa; vimanas; harmya


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar;  pillars


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 6th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 19th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 16th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
palaces; cusped arches; domes (dome components); cupolas (roof appendages); chhatri

NOTES:
Present palace replacement for older fortification. Designed in a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles often referred to as Indo-Savacenic style. Dates: 16th C.; replacement late 19th to early 20th C. (1897-1912). Architect Henry Irwin (1841-1922).


KEYWORDS:
apartments; courtyards; chhatri; Bangaldar; roofs

NOTES:
A garden palace that was a residence of the Rajput king. Now used as a college. Has an aquaduct which brings in water for the gardens. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1840. Built by Maharaja Vinay Singh.


VIEW:
Int.: hall of public audience (diwan-i-am)


KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; columns (architectural elements); halls

NOTES:
Hall of public audience. Dates: first half of the 17th C., probably 1623-1627. Built by Mirza Raja Jai Singh I (regin 1623-1667).


KEYWORDS:
panels (surface components); doors; people


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; domes (dome components); forts

NOTES:
Modeled on the earlier Jahangir Mandir at Orchha (same client). The five story tower in the courtyard contains royal apartments and is linked to the other structures by bridges. Dates: early 17th C., probably 1620. Built by Raja Bin Singh Deo.


NOTES:
Established as the capital of Mewa by Udai Singh after the sacking of Chittaurgarh by Emperor Akbar. Built around an artificial lake, Pichola. Dates: mid 16th C., probably 1567. Built by Rana Udai Singh (reign 1536-1572).


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Buddhism; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: the wedding of the god Shiva and goddess Parvati


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; Shiva


TITLE_1:
Cave Temple; Cave 29; Dumar Lena; Sita Ka Nahani


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; pillars; columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Brahmanism; Durga; Mahisasura


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Brahmanism; Shiva; Nataraja


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; colonnades; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Vakataka; Buddhism; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar;  columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar; yakshi; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Digambar; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Digambar; sculpture (visual work); Gommateshvara


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; Digambar;  sculpture (visual work); Parshvanatha


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; sculpture (visual work); columns (architectural elements); capitals (column components)


NOTES:
Built prior to Jaipur city; intended as a retreat in case of war or any emergency. Dates: early 18th C. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Bangaldar; roofs; ramps; cusped arches; courtyards


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Bangaldar; eaves; cusped arches; doors


KEYWORDS:
garhpalaces; Bangaldar; eaves; domes (dome components); stairs; cusped arches; doors


KEYWORDS:
doors; panels (surface components); decorations


TITLE_1:
Jaipur City Seen From the Nahargarh Hill

NOTES:
Capital city of Rajasthan. The city is built on a grid pattern (Hindi chokri). Dates: mid 18th C., founded in 1727. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743); main adviser was Vidyadhar Chakravarty.


NOTES:
Capital city of Rajasthan. The city is built on a grid pattern (Hindi chokri). Dates: mid 18th C., founded in 1727.  Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743); main adviser was Vidyadhar Chakravarty.


NOTES:
Set in an artificial lake, the mausoleum is octagonal in structure; considered the most refined achievement of the Lodi style. Dates: mid 16th C., probably 1545. Built by Sher Shah Sur.


NOTES:
Dedicated to Surya (Sun-God), temple layout replicates Surya's celestial chariot, known for its monumentality and extant sculptures. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1238-1264. Built by King Narasimha I (reg 1238–64).

CITATION_1:
Donaldson, Thomas; Hindu Temple Art of Orissa; Leiden: Brill; 1985-1987; Fine Arts; NB1007.O7 D67


KEYWORDS:
jagamohana; nata-mandira; wells; lawns (landscaped grass)


KEYWORDS:
jagamohana; pabhaga; chariots (ancient vehicles); wheels


KEYWORDS:
horses; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
pabhaga; reliefs; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


NOTES:
The elephant is carved out of a single piece of rock. Dates: mid 3rd C. BCE, probably 257 BCE.


NOTES:
The emperor Ashoka left a rock-inscription at the site containing several edicts, including two bearing conciliatory messages to the newly conquered people of Kalinga. Dates: mid 3rd C. BCE. Built by Ashoka (reign 269-232 BCE).


VIEW:
Ext.: with temple pond in the foreground

KEYWORDS:
deul; reservoirs (water distribution structures)


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Indra; Airavata


VIEW:
Ext.: main temple and sourrounding shrine

KEYWORDS:
deul; śikharas; mulaprasada; jagamohana; nata-mandira; shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance with torana in foreground

NOTES:
Complex dedicated primarily to Shiva. Dates: mid 10th C., probably 950. Built by King Yayati Mahasivagupta I.


VIEW:
Int.: entrance to mulaprasada (main shrine)


NOTES:
Displays the mature form of Orissan temple architecture. Dates: second half of the 11th C., probably 1050. Built by Kolavati, mother of King Uddyota-Kesari.


NOTES:
Belongs to the early phase of Orissan temple architecture. Dates: early 7th C., probably 600.


NOTES:
Early phase of Orissan temple architecture. Dates: early 7th C., probably 619. Possibly built by King Madhavaraja II.


NOTES:
Second conservative trend in Orissan temple architecture. Dates: early 12th C., probably 1110.


VIEW:
Ext.: shrine in Northwest corner of temple complex

NOTES:
The most important surviving Vaishnava temple in the city. Dates: second half of the 13th C., probably 1250-1278. Built by Chandrika, daughter of King Anangabhima III.

CITATION_1:
Donaldson, Thomas; Hindu Temple Art of Orissa, Vol. II; Leiden: Brill; 1986; Fine Arts; NB1007.O7 D67


VIEW:
Ext.: porch overlooking East coast of Puri.

KEYWORDS:
railways; hotels (public accomodations); colonial Indian styles

NOTES:
Colonial building finished with terracotta tiels and cement plaster. Dates: first quarter of 20th C., probably 1922. Built by Bengal Nagpur Railways (BNR), now SE Indian Railways.


KEYWORDS:
pabhaga; chariots (ancient vehicles); wheels


KEYWORDS:
ceremonies; sculpture (visual work); processions


KEYWORDS:
mithuna; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Surya (sun god)--also known as Mitra


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); celestial beings


VIEW:
Int.: mulaprasada, with religious figures

KEYWORDS:
mulaprasada; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Shakta temple dedicated to the female principle. Dates: late 8th to early 9th C., probably 775. Possibly built by King Subhakara.


KEYWORDS:
deul; śikharas; mulaprasada; jagamohana; nata-mandira; reservoirs (water distribution structures)


NOTES:
Indigenous Orissa tradition mixed with Candella tradition of Kanauj. Dates: late 10th to early 11th C., probably 1010. Possibly built by King Yayati I or Indraratha.


NOTES:
Temple from the Shakta genre dedicated to the female principle; circular and open to the sky with 64 Yogini statues. Dates: early 10th C.


WORK_TYPE:
square (open space); documentary photograph

VIEW:
Construction of structures for the Ratha Yatra

KEYWORDS:
amboo; construction; Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; Jagannatha; śikharas


KEYWORDS:
bamboo; construction; Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; Jagannatha; śikharas

NOTES:
This is the main thoroughfare near the temple; it also forms a central spine for the layout of the city. Photographed around 1978.


KEYWORDS:
bamboo; construction; Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; Jagannatha; ratha

NOTES:
The three presiding deities (Jagannatha, Balabhadra and Subhadra) travel in their chariots (Nandighosh, Taladhwaja and Darpadaran) from the temple to the garden house, they return after 5 days. Photographed around 1978.

CITATION_2:
Khuntia Somanath; The Temple of Lord Jagannath : Naba Kalebar festival and other mysterious events; Puri, Orissa, India : Shreekshetra Productions; 1995; Kroch Asia Library; BL1225.J33 P874x 1995


NOTES:
Small temporary shops set up along the streets. Photographed around 1978.


VIEW:
Chariot temple with Sadhu in the foreground

KEYWORDS:
bamboo; construction; rathas; peddlers; Gundicha Yatra; Car Festival; vaishnavite


KEYWORDS:
rathas; Gundicha Yatra; Car Festival; Jagannatha

NOTES:
The Jagannatha Yatra is celebrated in the second day of the fortnight of Ashada (June-July). Photographed around 1978.


VIEW:
Elephant decorated for religious ceremony


KEYWORDS:
Gundicha Yatra; Car Festival; Jagannatha


VIEW:
Street and street vendors along main thoroughfare to temple

KEYWORDS:
peddlers; Gundicha Yatra; Car Festival; Jagannatha


VIEW:
Market square; people gathered for a meal

KEYWORDS:
markets (events); squares (open spaces); processions


VIEW:
Vendors outside a temple selling prasada


KEYWORDS:
Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; ratha yatra; Jagannatha


KEYWORDS:
Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; vaishnavite


KEYWORDS:
Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; vaishnavite; devotees


KEYWORDS:
Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; processions;


KEYWORDS:
Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; vaishnavite; processions;


KEYWORDS:
Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; ratha yatra; people; processions;


KEYWORDS:
dwellings; beaches; arches; brick; construction

NOTES:
Located on the shores of the Bay of Bengal.


KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; fishing vessels; fishermen


NOTES:
Located on the seashore; was probably a temporary residence for a landlord/zamindar.


NOTES:
Located on the seashore; was probably a temporary residence for royalty.


KEYWORDS:
deul; pabhaga; sculpture (visual work); friezes

NOTES:
Inspired by, and stylistically related to, the Surya Deul at Konarak, though smaller in size. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1260. Possibly built by Narasimha I (reign 1238-1264).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: side wall with Ganesha sculpture


NOTES:
Appears to combine Hindu and Islamic architectural features. Situated in the region around Konarak. Dates: probably a relatively recent temple (20th C.).


TITLE_1:
Religious Procession on a Street in the Countryside


KEYWORDS:
Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; ratha yatra; processions; crowds


VIEW:
Street and street vendors with temple in the background


KEYWORDS:
peddlers; sanyasin; hermits; pilgrims; sages


KEYWORDS:
Dhol; drums; children; streets; performances (entertainment events)


KEYWORDS:
medicine; halls; towns; dwellings; façades; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Upper class town house; converted to medical hall. Dates: mid 20th C., probably 1951.


KEYWORDS:
ratha yatra; rathas; construction; wood (plant material); temporary structures


NOTES:
This is the main thoroughfare near the temple; it also forms a central spine for the layout of the city. Photographed around 1978


VIEW:
Construction of structures for the Ratha Yatra artisan constructing wooden horse

KEYWORDS:
craftsmen; wood (plant material); horses; rathas; construction


KEYWORDS:
construction; wood (plant material); temporary structures; sculpture (visual work); craftsmen


NOTES:
Considered the most stupendous architectural undertaking of the early Ganga period; stylistically similar to the Lingaraja Temple. Dates: second quarter of the 12th C., about 1135. Built by Anantavarman Codaganga (reg 1077–1147).


NOTES:
Stylistically similar to the Lingaraja Temple; also served as a fort during the Muslim invasions. Dates: second quarter of the 12th C., about 1135. Built by Anantavarman Codaganga and Anangabhimadeva II.


VIEW:
Ext.: protective lions at the East (main) gate

NOTES:
Considered the most stupendous architectural undertaking of the early Ganga period; stylistically similar to the Lingaraja Temple. Dates: second quarter of the 12th C., about 1135. Built by King Chodaganga (Gangesvara).


KEYWORDS:
deul; śikharas; mulaprasada; jagamohana; nata-mandira; vyala


VIEW:
Ext.: religious ceremony in the temple compound


KEYWORDS:
Surya; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.: from East main entrance of the jagamohana


VIEW:
Ext.det.: gavaksa projection of the Jagamohana


VIEW:
Ext.det.: jangha and baranda in mulaprasada


NOTES:
Devoid of much sculptural decoration. Built on the site of an earlier temple. Dates: early 12th C., probably 1100.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast, with the Muktesvara temple in the foreground


NOTES:
The most unusual of early 12th C. Bhubaneshwar temples; constructed on the site of an earlier temple; has an unusual shape because of the lingam housed in it. Dates: early 12th C., probably 1100.


VIEW:
Ext.: approach road with temple in background


NOTES:
Part of the Varunesvara group of temples. Dates: early 14th C., probably 1300.


VIEW:
Ext.: from E, through the doorway of another temple


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest, Varunesvara temple in the background


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast, Varunesvara temple in the background


NOTES:
Situated northwest of the Lingaraja compound. Pancayatana class with a small shrine at each corner of the compound. Exquisite scroll-work. Dates: early 13th C., probably 1200.


NOTES:
Situated in a walled compound in the NE outskirts of the city. Dates: late 12th C., probably 1175. Built by Svapnesvara, brother-in-law of King Rajaraja II.


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance with nandi (bull) in foreground


KEYWORDS:
deul; śikharas; mulaprasada; jagamohana; nata-mandira; linga


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Aja-Ekapada in the center with two side figures


KEYWORDS:
deul; śikharas; mulaprasada; jagamohana; nata-mandira; gavaksa


NOTES:
Located in the same compond as the Vaital Deul. Dates: late 8th to early 9th C., probably 775.


KEYWORDS:
toranas; gates; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Ext.: jagamohana and nata-mandira from Southeast


VIEW:
Ext.: the Jagamohana and nata-mandira from Northwest


VIEW:
Ext.: the Jagamohana and nata-mandira from Southeast


VIEW:
Ext.det.: jangha with mithuna (erotic couple)


NOTES:
Religious ceremony on the bank of the lake.


KEYWORDS:
chauñsat; Yogini; sculpture (visual work); niches; offerings


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Durga; Mahisasura


KEYWORDS:
bada; Surya; chariots (ancient vehicles)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Naga and mithuna (loving couple)


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); apsara; celestial beings; dancers


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); celestial beauties

NOTES:
Part of the same temple complex; this is a smaller shrine to the SW of the main temple. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1238-1264. Built by King Narasimha I (reg 1238–64).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Potala and gandi of Jagamohana


VIEW:
Billboard with map of Puri's temple locations


VIEW:
Ext.: from West with Dhvaja Sthamba in foreground

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; Kailasa; dhvajasthambha


VIEW:
Ext.: detail of sculpture that shows Ravana shaking Mount. Kailasa


VIEW:
Ext.: from E, showing the Viaduct in the Imperial Harem


NOTES:
Site of numerous Shaivite, Vaishnavite and Jain in Madhya Pradesh. Temples built between 9th and 12th C. Khajuraho important center of Chandella dynasty (950-1250).

CITATION_2:
Zannas, Eliky; Khajuraho; 's-Gravenhage: Mouton; 1960; Annex; NA6008.K4 Z32


KEYWORDS:
entrances; mandapas; shrines (structures); śikharas; plinths

NOTES:
Five shrined (Pancayatana) Vishnu temple, exquisite example of Nagara style temple. Dates: early to mid 10th C. Built by King Dhanga.


NOTES:
Shiva Temple; the design resembles the Lakshmana Temple, was the largest temple at the time of its construction. Dates: early 11th C. Built by King Dhanga (950-1002).


NOTES:
Sun Temple; nirandhara type of plan; known for its sculptural quality. Dates: early 11th C. Built by Chandella kings.


NOTES:
Sun Temple; nirandhara type of plan; known for its sculptural quality. Dates: early 11th C.


NOTES:
Jain Temple; dedicated to the Digambara sect. Dates: 12th C.


NOTES:
Jain Temple; despite that its sculpture displays a predominance of Vaishnavite themes. Dates: second half of the 10th C. Built by King Dhanga.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast showing conservation and renovation work on sikhara

KEYWORDS:
garbagriha; mandapas; entrances; renovation; conservation

NOTES:
Shiva Temple; the garba-griha has a superstructure of the shikhara type; adorned with multiple sculptures of Shiva and Umamaheshvara. Dates: 12th C.


NOTES:
Temple dedicated to Vishnu in his incarnation as Varaha (the boar); rectangular plan, contains a 2.6 m high image of Varaha. Dates: early 10th C.


KEYWORDS:
garbagriha; śikharas; mandapas; entrances; Mahadeva; shrines (structures)

NOTES:
Vishnu Temple; not Jagadamba (world goddess) as the name suggests; nirandhara type; know for its sculptural quality. Dates: 12th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: with the Mahadeva shrine in the foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: from L to R: garba-griha, antarala, mahamandapa, mandapa, mukhamandapa

KEYWORDS:
garbagriha; śikharas; antarala; mahamandapas; mandapas; mukhamandapas

NOTES:
The largest and most elaborate of the Khajuraho temples; double shrined, although the Mahadeva Shrine is mostly in ruins. Dates: first three decades of the 11th C., probably 1004-1029. Built by King Vidyadhara.


VIEW:
Ext.: Kandariya and Mahadeva temples with Devi Jagadambi to the right


VIEW:
Ext.det.: masonry, carvings and sculpture


KEYWORDS:
mithuna; Somasundari; devas; celestial beauties


NOTES:
Considered sacred; a number of temples range around it and are built on its banks.


VIEW:
Ext.: jagamohana and nata-mandira from Northeast


VIEW:
Sculpt.: marriage of the god Shiva and the goddess Parvati

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; Shiva; Parvati


VIEW:
Plan: garden and water systems (wrong identification) (duplicate of 90001060)


VIEW:
Ext.: Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna and corner of Draupadi Rathas with bull

KEYWORDS:
Dharmaraja; Bhima; Arjuna; Draupadi; rathass; dikpala; vaults (structural elements); apsidal buildings; rathass

CITATION_1:
Sivaramamurti, Calambur; Mahabalipuram; New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India; 1978; Annex; DS486.M26 S58


VIEW:
Ext.: Mahisasuramardini Cave with rear facade of Ishvara Temple at top

NOTES:
Dates: 7th C. Probably built by Mamalla I.

CITATION_1:
Splendours of Tamil Nadu; Bombay: Marg Publications; 1980; Fine Arts; N7307.T35 S76


VIEW:
Int.det.: from Northeast; mandapa, inner portico with two cells visible to R

KEYWORDS:
Anantashayana; lions; columns (architectural elements); dvarapala; capitals (column components); brackets (structural elements)

CITATION_1:
Maity, Sachindra Kumar; Masterpieces of Pallava Art; Bombay: Taraporevala; 1982; Annex; N7307.S68 M23


VIEW:
Sculpt.: mandapa, North wall, Mahisasuramandini panel

CITATION_2:
Sivaramamurti, Calambur; Mahabalipuram; New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India; 1978; Annex; DS486.M26 S58


VIEW:
Sculpt.: mandapa, South wall, Ananta panel


VIEW:
Painting: celestial beauty in tribhanga pose


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest, from a once existing subshrine

NOTES:
Kodumbalur, at one time had 108 temples, now only two; see notes. Dates: mid 10th C. Built by Sundara Chola (Parantaka II Madurantaka).

CITATION_1:
Balasubrahmanyam, S. R.; Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III; Madras: Mudgala Trust; 1979; Kroch Library Asia; NA6007.S6 B17 v.1


NOTES:
Across from a once existing common mukhamantapa. Dates: mid 10th C. Built by Sundara Chola (Parantaka II Madurantaka).


NOTES:
Across once existing ardha-mandapa in foreground. Dates: mid 10th C. Built by Sundara Chola (Parantaka II Madurantaka).


VIEW:
Int.det.: Somaskanda relief on rear wall of central shrine cell

NOTES:
The recumbent Nandi is not found in other Samaskanda sculptures. Dates: 7th C. Probably built by Mamalla I.

CITATION_1:
Srinivasan, K. R.; Cave-temples of the Pallavas; New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India; 1964; Annex; NA6007.S6 S771


VIEW:
Ext.det.: East wall of southern shrine, Gangadhara in devakosthan

NOTES:
Dates: mid 10th C. Built by Sundara Chola (Parantaka II Madurantaka).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Sanskrit inscription on S wall of central shrine

NOTES:
Inscription by Bhuti Vikramakesari; "three vimanas"; see notes. Dates: mid 10th C. Built by Sundara Chola (Parantaka II Madurantaka).


VIEW:
Ext.: public signage giving information on temple


NOTES:
The temple comprises two east-facing shrines dedicated to the goddess Meenakshi and to Sundareshvara.The gopuras at madurai are known for their sweeping concave profiles and profusion of images. Dates: 16th to 17th C. Built by the Nayak Rulers.


NOTES:
Dates: 7th C. Probably built by Mamalla I. Drawing made by Fergusson 1838-1839.


VIEW:
Persp.dwg.: stone drawing by T. C. Dibdin of interior of the cave

NOTES:
These drawings from sketches made on the spot by Fergusson, 1838-1839. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE. Built by Varahadeva, minister of Harishena.

CITATION_1:
Mitra, Debala; Ajanta; New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India; 1968; Annex; NA6008.A35 M68 1968


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple; Kambathadi Mandapa

VIEW:
Sculpt.: statue depicting the wedding of Sri Meenakshi to Somasundara

NOTES:
The Kambathadi Mandapa contains the flag staffs of the main shrine. Dates: second half of the 16th C., renovated in 1877. Built by Krishna Veerappa Nayak (reign 1564-1572 or 1572-1595).


CITATION_1:
Devakunjari, D.; Madurai through the Ages: From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D.; Madras: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.M205 D48 1979


NOTES:
Idol possibly discovered when the Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam was dug. Dates: mid 17th C.

CITATION_1:
Balaram Iyer, T. G. S.; History & Description of Sri Meenakshi Temple; Madurai: Sri Karthikeiya Publication; 1976; Kroch Library Asia; BL1227.M24 M433 1976

CITATION_2:
Devakunjari, D.; Madurai through the Ages; Madras: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research; 1979; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.M205 D48 1979


VIEW:
Ext.: a prakara with devotees resting on the floor


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Temple; Meenakshi Naickei Mandapam

NOTES:
Formerly used for tying the temple animals, now has shops. Dates: late 18th C., probably 1798. Built by Samygam Mcenakshi Naickei.

CITATION_2:
Thiagarajan, K.; Meenakshi Temple, Masurai; Madurai: Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple Renovation Committee; 1965; Fine Arts; NA6008.M28 T42


NOTES:
Dates: late 18th C., probably 1798. Built by Samygam Mcenakshi Naickei.


NOTES:
Former Shaivite shrine converted to a Vaishnavite shrine. Dates: 13th to 17th C. Built by Rajaran Chola I, Maravarman Sundara Pandya I.


KEYWORDS:
cloisters; columns (architectural elements); arches

NOTES:
What remains of the original palace is the enclosed court known as the Svarga Vilasam, a vast hall with arcades. The architecture is a blend of Indo-Islamic and local forms. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1636. Built by Tirumalai Nayaka (reign 1623-1659).

CITATION_1:
Rajaram, Kumarasamy; History of Thirumalai Nayak; Madurai: Ennes Publications; 1982; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.M205 T467 1982


VIEW:
Int.det.: cloister from the arcade along the open court


VIEW:
Int.det.: along the South arcade, westward

KEYWORDS:
arches; columns (architectural elements); colonnades

NOTES:
What remains of the original palace is the enclosed court known as the Svarga Vilasam, a vast hall with arcades. The architecture is a blend of Indo-Islamic and local forms. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1636. Built by Tirumalai Nayak (reign 1623-1659).


KEYWORDS:
garbagriha; columns (architectural elements); sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Dedicated to Sikhanatha. Temple comprises main sanctum, the ardhmandapam and four other mandapa. The sanctum and ardhmandapa that exists are of a later date. Dates: 10th C. (original); 13th and 15th C. (renovation).

CITATION_1:
Tirumalai, R.; Studies in the History of Ancient Townships in Pudukkottai; Madras: Institute of Epigraphy; 1981; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.P12 T59 1981


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


CITATION_1:
Nawab, Sarabhai Manilal; Jaina Tirthas in India and their Architecture; Ahmedabad: S. M. Nawab; 1944; Annex; NA6002.J25


VIEW:
Int.det.: a ceiling of West Meghanada Mandapa

NOTES:
The dome was made by concentric courses of diminishing diameter. Dates: mid to late 15th C., probably 1440-1500. Built: commissioned by Dharan Shah (local merchant), under Maharana Kumbha, ruler of Mewar. Depaka said to be master architect.


VIEW:
Ext.: vimana, mandapa and surrounding shrines

KEYWORDS:
vimanas; shrines (structures); mandapas; people

NOTES:
Dedicated to Vishnu, the temple has a stellate sanctum elaborately decorated on the outside in unique Hoysala fashion. Dates: early 12th C., dedicated in 1117. Built by Vishnuvardhana (reign 1106-1156).


NOTES:
Part of main temple complex. Dedicated to Vishnu, the temple has a stellate sanctum elaborately decorated on the outside in unique Hoysala fashion. Dates: early 12th C., dedicated in 1117. Built by Vishnuvardhana (reign 1106-1156).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: woman praying at temple entrance

KEYWORDS:
entrances; people; sculpture (visual work); prayers


VIEW:
Sculpt.: nude beauty emerging from bath; Mandanika bracket figure

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); madanika; brackets (structural elements)


VIEW:
Ext.: temple front facade seen from complex entrance

NOTES:
The three vimanas over the three cells are not identical. See written record. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1268. Built by Soma or Somanatha, a high officer under Narasimha III.


KEYWORDS:
toranas; columns (architectural elements); ceilings; mandapas; shrines (structures)

CITATION_1:
Singh, Harihar; Jaina Temples of Western India; Varanasi: Parshvanath Vidyashram Research Institute; 1982; Fine Arts; NA6002.S63 1982


VIEW:
Int.det.: mukhamandapa, north Khattaka from rangamandapa

NOTES:
Khattaka is an ornamental niche on either side of gudhamandpa door. Dates: mid 11th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala (minister under Solanki dynasty).


NOTES:
Composite ceiling consisting of padmaka and Mandaraka elements. Dates: mid 11th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala (minister under Solanki dynasty).


NOTES:
Dedicated to Neminatha. Follows the general pattern of Vimala Vasahi but distinguished by more elaborate sculptural motifs. Dates: mid 13th C., begun 1230. Built by Tejapala (wealthy broker).


VIEW:
Int.det.: relief of Samavasarana on ceiling of corridor

NOTES:
Dedicated to Neminatha. Follows the general pattern of Vimala Vasahi but distinguished by more elaborate sculptural motifs. Dates: mid 13th C., begun 1230. Built by Tejapala (wealthy broker). Samavasarana was a port of Dwarika, ancient city of Krishna.


NOTES:
The Shyama Raya Temple is surrounded by vaulted porches and has a pinnacle over the central chamber and smaller detached pinnacles on the corners. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1643. Built by Raghunatha Singh (son of Bir Hambhir).

CITATION_2:
Ghosh, Pika.; Temple to Love: Architecture and Devotion in Seventeenth Century Bengal; Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2005; Fine Art Library; NA6007.B4 655 2005


NOTES:
The components of the chorten are derived from the stupa. Phiyang is well known for a small group of Kashmiri Buddha bronzes. Dates: 16th C. Built by King Tashi Namgyal.

CITATION_1:
Poncar, Jaroslav; Ladakh; Koln: Edition Wiegand: Wienand Verlag; 1986; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 P79++

CITATION_2:
Sumi, Tokan; Ladakh: the moonland; New Delhi: Light & Life Publishers; 1975; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 S95


NOTES:
Capital city of Ladakh; leh means oasis. Located near the river Indus on an ancient trade route between India, Tibet and China. It is notable for its Buddhist monasteries.

CITATION_1:
Sumi, Tokan;  Ladakh, the moonland; New Delhi: Light & Life Publishers; 1975; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 S95


NOTES:
Set on a hill north-east of town, the palace is a ruined nine-story structure with numerous overhanging projections. Dates: last decade of the 16th to the first half of the 17th C. Built by King Senge Namgyel (reign 1590-1635).

CITATION_1:
Jest, Corneille; The Palace of Leh in Ladakh, from Momentum, Vol. 25 (No. 3):179-196; Louvain: Conseil International des Monuments et de Sites; 1982; Fine Arts; N8850.M81


NOTES:
Dedicated to Maitreya (Future Buddha). The temple has a celebrated three-story high image of the same flanked by the bodhisattvas Avalokitishvara and Maujushri. Dates: 16th C. Built by Namgyel Ruler (probably Tashi Namgyel).


VIEW:
Int.: statue of Buddha with deity and offerings

KEYWORDS:
Buddha; sculpture (visual work); offerings; prayers

NOTES:
Housed in Monastery adjacent to Shey Palace; The Buddha sculpture is constructed out of copper. It was built in honor of patron's father, Senge Namgyal, King of Ladakh. Dates: third quarter of the 17th C. Built by King Delden Namygal (reign 1642-1676).

CITATION_1:
Genoud, Charles; Buddhist Wall-Painting of Ladakh; Geneva, Switzerland: Edition Olizane; 1982; Fine Arts; ND2828.L33 G33 1982


NOTES:
Painting of Shamlohumatha lama. Dates: third quarter of the 17th C., painting possibly from early 18th C.


NOTES:
Shey may have been the first capital Ladakh. The palace, built on a summit, is a model that was followed later in Leh and Tsaparang (Tibet).  Dates: second half of 16th to first half of the 17th C. Built by (possibly) Senge Namgyel (reign ca. 1570-1642).


NOTES:
Monastery said to be built on a tiger's nose, thus the name. Dates: late 16th C. Probably built by Darmaraja Jamyan Namygal.

CITATION_1:
Snellgrove, David L.; The Cultural Heritage of Ladakh; Warminster, Eng.: Aris & Phillips; 1977; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 S67 1977++


CITATION_1:
Rizvi, Janet; Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia; Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1996; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 R59x 1996


NOTES:
Contains murals and immense statue of Maitreya as Chen-Kor. Dates: mid 15th C.

CITATION_1:
Rizvi, Janet; Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia; Delhi: Oxford; 1983; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 R59 1983


NOTES:
Matho is the only monastery in Ladakh of Saskya-pa sect lamas, that was founded by Lama Tungpa Dorjay. Dates: 16th C.


NOTES:
Shey may have been the first capital Ladakh. The palace, built on a summit, is a model that was followed later in Leh and Tsaparang (Tibet).  Dates: possibly late 16th to mid 17th C. Built by (possibly) Senge Namgyel (reign ca. 1570-1642),


NOTES:
Shey may have been the first capital Ladakh. The palace, built on a summit, is a model that was followed later in Leh and Tsaparang (Tibet).  Dates: possibly late 16th to mid 17th C. Built by (possibly) Senge Namgyel (reign ca. 1570-1642).


NOTES:
Phiyang is well known for a small group of Kashmiri Buddha bronzes. Dates: 16th C. Built by King Tashi Namgyal.


VIEW:
Ext.: view inside monastery complex looking West

NOTES:
Original Gompa was composed of five buildings, although only the central one stands. The Gompa holds three complete sets of the Kandshur (the 108 volumes of Buddha's teachings). Dates: 10th C. (Rin-chen-lzghimpo) to 16th C. Namgyal kings.


VIEW:
Ext.: large chorten; view of northern part of the monastery


KEYWORDS:
idols; texts; religious (people); offerings; prayers

NOTES:
Possibly the interior of Shey Palace. Dates: late 16th to mid 17th C. Built by (possibly) Senge Namgyel (reign ca. 1570-1642),


VIEW:
Ext.: inside the monastery complex w/courtyard at far end

NOTES:
The Du-Khang in the courtyard contains murals of "terrible deities". Dates: mid 15th C.

CITATION_1:
Wahid, Siddiq; Ladakh, Between Earth and Sky; New York: W. W. Norton; 1981; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 W13+


NOTES:
Inset in wall of Du-Khang are prayer wheels inscribed with sacred text. Dates: mid 15th C.

CITATION_2:
Minke, Heinz; Ladakh; Wels, Austria: Verlag Welsermuhl; 1986; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 M66 1986+

CITATION_3:
Zwalf, W., ed.; Buddhism: Art and Faith; London: British Museum Publications; 1985; Fine Arts; N8193.A4 B92


NOTES:
Hemis is the largest and richest of the Ladakh monasteries. Founded by the monk, Stag-tsang-ras-pa. Dates: fourth decade of the 17th C.

CITATION_1:
Bedi, Rajesh; Ladakh, the Trans-Himalayan Kingdom; New Delhi: Roli Books International; 1981; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 B46 1981+


VIEW:
Int.: temple at Sankar (Ushnishasitatapatra)

NOTES:
Small monastery dep. on spituk monastery; see written notes.


NOTES:
Avalokitesvara is a Buddha to be; dedicated to welfare of mankind.


NOTES:
Dates: early 19th C., probably 1820. Built by King Tsepal Dondrub Namygal.

CITATION_2:
Francke, August Hermann; A History of Ladakh; New Delhi: Sterling Publishers; 1977; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.L2 F82 1977


VIEW:
Ext.: general view of Stok Palace from the back


NOTES:
Based on four Vinaya texts: how a monk avoids dozing off; meditation.


NOTES:
Based on four Vinaya texts: how a monastery is built.


NOTES:
Painting of citpati, "Master of the Cemetery". Dates: mid 15th C.


NOTES:
The monastery is built around a rock onto which the figures of Maitreya (the future Buddha) is carved.


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; Birbhum; terracotta; brick; Trayodasha-Ratna

NOTES:
Trayodasha-ratna temples here have single entrances without extra turret. Dates: third quarter of the 19th C., probably 1867-1874.


NOTES:
Ratna temples with more than nine turrets are few. Dates: third quarter of the 19th C., probably 1867-1874.


NOTES:
Birbhum temples have arches, pointed in contour, lobes with leaves. Dates: third quarter of the 19th C., probably 1867-1874.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: panel with tortoise incarnation of Vishnu with hair ringlet


NOTES:
This is a single-shikhara (ekaratna) temple. The façade is covered with terracotta panels illustrating epic stories and scenes of Krishna at play (lila). Dates: late 17th C., probably 1694.


VIEW:
Ext.: man drawing water from well to water holy basil plant

NOTES:
Daily activity; This is a single-shikhara (ekaratna) temple. The façade is covered with terracotta panels illustrating epic stories and scenes of Krishna at play (lila). Dates: late 17th C., probably 1694.


NOTES:
Daily activity. This is a single-shikhara (ekaratna) temple. The façade is covered with terracotta panels illustrating epic stories and scenes of Krishna at play (lila). Dates: late 17th C., probably 1694.


NOTES:
The original tower and spire were modelled on Norwich Cathedral, but following an earthquake they were recast in 1934 to resemble Bell Harry Tower at Canterbury. Dates: first half of the 19th C., completed in 1847.

CITATION_1:
Maitra, Ashish; "Calcutta", from Architecture + Design, (May-June): p. 28; Bombay: Media Transasia; 1989; Fine Arts; NA1.A6735


NOTES:
Considered to be one of the sites where parts of Kali’s body are said to have fallen, during Shiva's Rudra Tandava. The temple is a stylized modern version of earlier terracotta temples. Dates: early 19th C., probably 1809. Built by Santosh Roy Choudhary.

CITATION_1:
Bruhl, Odette; Indian Temples; Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1937; Kroch Library Asia; NA6001.M75


VIEW:
Ext.: Shiva linga with a trishul (trident)


VIEW:
Ext.: roofscape with four main shikhara visible


NOTES:
Built to replace an earlier pontoon bridge. This improved lateral communications between the east and west banks and access to Howrah Station (1900-1908). Dates: mid 20th C., opened 1943. Built by the British colonial government.


VIEW:
Calcutta from across the Ganges, from Howrah

NOTES:
Founded in 1690 by Job Charnock, an English merchant of the East India Company.The initial settlement was established in defiance of the authority of the Nawab of Bengal and without the benefit of an imperial farmān from the Mughal emperor in Delhi.


VIEW:
Ext.: statue of Queen Victoria on pedestal on grounds at entry

KEYWORDS:
entrances; lawns (landscaped grass); statues; Queen Victoria

NOTES:
Built as a museum and art gallery. Influenced by English civic Baroque Revival architecture, its marble dome, crowned by a figure of Victory, dominates the entire city. Dates: early 20th C., probably 1921.


KEYWORDS:
entrances; squares (open spaces); people


NOTES:
Dedicated to goddes Kali, the temple is a stylized modern version of earlier terracotta temples.it has two-stories with five arched entrances; nine pinnacles in all. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1847. Built by Rani Rashmoni.

CITATION_1:
India Ministry of Information and Broadcasting; Temples of North India; New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting; 1968; Fine Arts; NA6001.A59 T2 1968


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance facade, showing jor-bangla style with at-chala roof

KEYWORDS:
façades; entrances; jor-bangla; chala roofs

NOTES:
Has two vaulted chambers edged with the characteristic Bangaldar eaves.The terracotta panels with courtly and hunting scenes are noteworthy. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1655.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: upapitham and adisthanam scenes from the secular and royal life on bricks


VIEW:
Ext.det.: upapitham and adisthanam scenes of hunting trips and duels


VIEW:
Ext.det.: upapitham and adisthanam scenes from secular life


VIEW:
Ext.det.: upapitham and adisthanam scenes from royal life


VIEW:
Ext.det.: upapitham and adisthanam scenes from royal life, elephant motifs


VIEW:
Int.det.: horizontal panels with scenes of dancing figures

KEYWORDS:
panels (surface components); friezes; dancers


VIEW:
Ext.det.: column composed in horizontal panels

KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); panels (surface components)

NOTES:
Themes of life Krishna. The Shyama Raya Temple is surrounded by vaulted porches and has a pinnacle over the central chamber and smaller detached pinnacles on the corners. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1643. Built by Raghunatha Singh (son of Bir Hambhir).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: deity in niche surrounded by square panels

KEYWORDS:
deities; panels (surface components); niches

NOTES:
Krishna on his chariot;The Shyama Raya Temple is surrounded by vaulted porches and has a pinnacle over the central chamber and smaller detached pinnacles on the corners. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1643. Built by Raghunatha Singh (son of Bir Hambhir).


KEYWORDS:
spires; śikharas; pavilions (garden structures)

NOTES:
The temple is dedicated to Sital Nath, the 10th Tirthankara. Though built under classical Hindu temple architecture norms it shows considerable European influence. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1867. Built by Built by Rao Bahadur, Badridsji Babu.


VIEW:
Ext.: temple with flower bed in foreground

KEYWORDS:
spires; śikharas; pavilions (garden structures); gardens


VIEW:
Ext.: temple landscaping at foot of stair


VIEW:
Int.: hall before the sanctum with silver-plated columns

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); sanctums


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance facade of building to the left of temple

KEYWORDS:
entrances; façades; halls; columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
spires; śikharas; pavilions (garden structures); reservoirs (water distribution structures)


VIEW:
Int.: hall before the sanctum seen through the arcade


VIEW:
Int.: corridor along the sides of the hall before the sanctum


NOTES:
Buddhist monastery and university site in present day Bihar. By the 5th C., under the Gupta dynasty, Nalanda had become the most important Buddhist monastery in Asia.

CITATION_1:
Jamuar, Bipin Kumar; The Ancient Temples of Bihar; New Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhawan; 1985; Fine Arts; NA6007.B5 J27 1985


KEYWORDS:
vihara; cells (interior spaces); platforms; lawns (landscaped grass)

CITATION_1:
Asher, Frederick M.; The Art of Eastern India, 300-800; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; 1980; Fine Arts; NB1007.B55 A82


CITATION_1:
Kumar, Brajmohan; Archaeology of Pataliputra and Nalanda; Delhi: Ramanand Vidya Bhawan; 1987; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.P1144 K96 1987


TITLE_1:
Loaded Bus Drives Into Bihar Countryside.


TITLE_1:
Farmers Drawing Water from Well in Fields


NOTES:
The 6.4 km long and 4 km wide natural lake is divided into four man-made causeways: Gangribal, Lokut Dal, Bod Dal, and Nagin. Small islands on the lake are willow-covered. The Mihrbari people have traditionally lived around and on the lake in boats.


NOTES:
Currently houses a museum. Dates: late 16th C., 1592-1598 according to Perian inscription, addition in the 18th C. Built by Pathan Governor Azin Khan.

CITATION_1:
Kaul, Manohar; Kashmir: Hindu, Buddhist & Muslim Architecture; New Delhi: Sagar Publications; 1971; Annex; NA6007.K3 K21


VIEW:
Ext.: burial ceremony with fort in the background


KEYWORDS:
cusped arches; entrances; spires; pagodas

NOTES:
Largest mosque in Srinagar. Dates: late 14th to late 17th C. Original completed 1385; rebuilt twice. Present structure late 17th C. Built by Sikander Sultan (original), Emperor Auranzeb (present structure).

CITATION_1:
Desai, Ziyaud-Din A.; Mosques of India; Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India; 1966; NA6002.D44


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); prayers; halls


NOTES:
Mihrab shows direction of Mecca. Largest mosque in Srinagar. Dates: late 14th to late 17th C. Original completed 1385; rebuilt twice. Present structure late 17th C. Built by Sikander Sultan (original), Emperor Auranzeb (present structure).


KEYWORDS:
cloisters; cusped arches; pagodas; boundary walls; fountains


NOTES:
Built in the memory of Mir Sayid Ali Hamdani. Typical of wooden architecture of Kashmir. Noted for its papier mache walls. Dates: late 14th to late 18th C. 1395 (original); rebuilt 1430 and late 18th C. Original built by Sultan Sikander (probably).


VIEW:
Int.: entrance to mihrab with woman devotee outside


VIEW:
Ext.: courtyard, N gateway through arch of S gateway


KEYWORDS:
gardens; channels (water body components); fountains; pavilions (garden structures)

NOTES:
Situated in the most secluded part of Dal Lake, it has three terraced gardens watered by an elaborate network of pools and channels. Dedicated to Nur Jahan, wife of Emperor Jahangir. Dates: first half of the 17th C., probably 1620-1627. Built by Jahangir.

CITATION_1:
Crowe, Sylvia; The Gardens of Mughul India; Delhi: Vikas Publishing House; 1973; MacDougall


VIEW:
Ext.: black marble pavilion and fountains

KEYWORDS:
pavilions (garden structures); channels (water body components); fountains

NOTES:
Situated at the uppermost terrace of Shalimar Bagh. The pavilion has a three-tiered pyramidal roof derived from traditional Kashmiri wooden mosques. Dates: mid 17th C. Built by Emperor Shah Jahan (reign 1628-1658).


KEYWORDS:
gardens; channels (water body components); pavilions (garden structures); mountains

NOTES:
Situated about 9 km from city center, Chasma-i-shahi (the Royal Spring) is the smallest of the Mughal gardens. It follows a three terraced garden plan. Dates: mid 17th C., laid out in 1632. Built by Emperor Shah Jahan (reign 1628-1658) & Ali Mardan Khan.

CITATION_2:
Kaul, Manohar; Kashmir: Hindu, Buddhist & Muslim Architecture; New Delhi: Sagar Publications; 1971; Annex; NA6007.K3 K21


VIEW:
Ext.: main pavilion; water cascade; upper pavilion roof

KEYWORDS:
terraces (landscaped-site elements); gardens; channels (water body components); stairs


VIEW:
Ext.: lawns and flower beds that flank the main channels

KEYWORDS:
lawns (landscaped grass); channels (water body components); hills

NOTES:
Nishat Bagh (pleasure garden/garden of gladness) is the largest of the terraced Mughal gardens at Srinagar. It is situated between the Zabarwan hill and Dal Lake. Dates: mid 17th C., laid out in 1633. Built by Asif Khan, brother of Empress Nur Jahan.

CITATION_2:
Schettler, Margaret; Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar: a Travel Survival Kit; Berkeley, CA: Lonely Planet Publications; 1985; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.K2 S32 1985

CITATION_3:
Crowe, Sylvia; The Gardens of Mughul India; Delhi: Vikas Publishing House; 1973; MacDougall


KEYWORDS:
gardens; paths; stairs; terraces (landscaped-site elements)


KEYWORDS:
channels (water body components); lawns (landscaped grass); hills


VIEW:
Ext.: waterway and lawns with Dal Lake in the background

KEYWORDS:
channels (water body components); lawns (landscaped grass); lakes; hills


KEYWORDS:
zenana; terraces (landscaped-site elements); reservoirs (water distribution structures); paths; cascades; harems


KEYWORDS:
terraces (landscaped-site elements); paths; reservoirs (water distribution structures)


VIEW:
Ext.: garden with mountains in the background

KEYWORDS:
lawns (landscaped grass); gardens; paths


VIEW:
Vegetable vendor arranging vegetables for sale on shikara


VIEW:
Ext.: view of temple and reservoir from N entrance

KEYWORDS:
temples; reservoirs (water distribution structures); mountains

NOTES:
Situated three miles above Srinagar, along the ananthay road. Dedicated to Shiva. Dates: second quarter of the 12th C., about 1135. Built by Rilhana, minister of Jayasimha.

CITATION_1:
Schettler, Margaret; Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar: a Travel Survival Kit; Berkeley, CA: Lonely Planet Publications; 1985; Kroch Library Asia; DS485.K2 S32 1985

CITATION_3:
Mitra, Debala; Pandrethan, Avantipur & Martland; New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India; 1977; MacDougall


TITLE_1:
Tourist dressed in traditional Kashmiri dress in a Mughal garden in 1985.


TITLE_1:
Packed Horses on Road in Kashmir in 1985


NOTES:
The temple is based on the five-shrined plan. The inner side of the wall has 69 cells fronted by a colonnade. Several images excavated here show Vishnu in his four-faced form. Dates: second half of the 9th C. Built by King Avantivarman (reign 855-883).

CITATION_1:
Mitra, Debala; Pandrethan, Avantipur & Martland; New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India; 1977; MacDougall


VIEW:
Ext.: Northwest view of gateway (from enclosed courtyard)


VIEW:
Int.: profile of the enshrined Tirthankar in the sanctum


KEYWORDS:
pavilions (garden structures); lawns (landscaped grass)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: gatepost and entrance steps to the main shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance gate to the temple complex


NOTES:
Unlike most temples in Bankura district, panels between arches only. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1845.


VIEW:
Det.: area above right hand arch of triple arched entrance


VIEW:
Ext.det.: above left hand arch of triple arched entrance to temple

NOTES:
Common to Bankura district  temples, foliate rising from arch with figures. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1845.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: area above central arch of the triple-arched entrance

NOTES:
Foliate elements rise from arch, flanked by parrots. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1845.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: corner pilaster of triple arched entrance

NOTES:
Column elements multiplied, e.g., 16-sided shafts. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1845.


VIEW:
Ext.: temple corner composed of vertical bands of ridged moldings


NOTES:
Five Shiva Temples; all are octagonal Devi type; each with Shiva linga. Dates: second half of the 19th C. Built by Raja Ram Ranjan Chakravarty Bahadur.

CITATION_1:
Bandyopadhyay, Sukhamay; Temples of Birbhum; Delhi, India: B. R. Pub. Corp.; 1984; Annex; NA6007.B61 B21


NOTES:
Common open verandah in west; each temple has only one door. Dates: second half of the 19th C. Built by Raja Ram Ranjan Chakravarty Bahadur.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: right hand panel over doorway depicting five shrines

NOTES:
Decoration in right hand arch; lotus inside image of temple. Dates: 19th C. Built by Sarkar Srinivash.


VIEW:
Ext.: general view of temple from Northwest

KEYWORDS:
temples; mulaprasada; lawns (landscaped grass)

NOTES:
Dedicated to Surya (Sun-God). The present temple seems to be built over an older one. It has a colonnaded courtyard with a central shrine. Dates: 7th to 8th C. Built by Lalitaditya Mukhtapida (ruler of Kashmir).


VIEW:
Int.: through the trefoil arch of main sanctuary, to gateway in background


VIEW:
Int.: view through gateway to main sanctuary


VIEW:
Int.det.: damaged relief on main sanctuary wall

KEYWORDS:
friezes; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.: Bodhi tree and West facade of temple

NOTES:
The present tree is purported to be a descendant of the original tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment. Dates: mid 3rd C. BCE to late 19th C.: 273-232 BCE, 575 to 600 CE and 1875-1895 CE (present structure). Built by Asoka (reign 273-232 BCE).

CITATION_1:
Archaeological Remains, Monuments & Museums; New Delhi: Architectural Survey of India; 1964; Fine Arts; N7301.I393


VIEW:
Ext.: Bodhi tree and base of West facade of temple

KEYWORDS:
Bodhi tree; niches; sculpture (visual work); Buddha


VIEW:
Ext.: Muniswaren Shrine; View of the open shrine, seven sculptures representing kannis

NOTES:
Festival in July; Goat sacrifice. In a designated forest.


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R); Arjuna, Bhima, Dharmaraja, Nakula-Sahadeva Rathas

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; vaults (structural elements); sala; vimanas; devakoshtha; cupolas (roof appendages); domes (dome components)


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R); Nakula-Sahadeva, Elephant, Arjuna, Bhima Rathas

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; sala; vimanas; devakoshtha; apsidal buildings; aedicules; barrel-vaults; porches


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; barrel-vaults; porches; aedicules;


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; vimanas; vyala; devakoshtha; dikpala; domes (dome components); cupolas (roof appendages); rathas


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R), Dharmaraja; Bhima; Arjuna, Draupadi

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; sala; vimanas; vyala; devakoshtha


VIEW:
Ext.: view from North (L-R);  Draupadi, Arjuna, Lion, Bhima, Elephant, Dharmaraja, Nakula-Sahadeva


VIEW:
Ext.: general view from North (L-R); Draupadi, Arjuna, Lion, Bhima, Elephant, Nakula-Sahadeva


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Northwest (L-R); Draupadi, Arjuna, Lion, Bhima

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; vimanas; devakoshtha; dvarapalika; thatched roofs; domes (dome components); cupolas (roof appendages); lions


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Southwest (L-R); Nakula-Sahadeva, Elephant, Draupadi, Arjuna, Bhima

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; sala; vimanas; vyala; devakoshtha; barrel-vaults


VIEW:
Ext.: view from South (L-R); Bhima, Arjuna, Draupadi, Elephant, Nakula-Sahadeva

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; śikharas; sala; vimanas; vyala; devakoshtha; dvarapalika; barrel-vaults; domes; cupolas; thatched roofs; apsidal buildings


VIEW:
Ext.: view from South (L-R); Nakula-Sahadeva, Elephant, Draupadi

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; sala; vyala; devakoshtha; dvarapalika


VIEW:
Elev.: with plan, section and aerial view

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; Pallava; Hinduism; Shiva; vimanas; devakoshtha


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; barrel-vaults; devakoshtha; pillars; porches


VIEW:
Fishermen working on nets with Shore Temple in background

KEYWORDS:
fishermen; nets (objects); boats; shores (landforms); beaches; temples


VIEW:
Ext.: general view from North with stone Nandis (Shiva's bull)


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; Vishnu; prakara; śikharas; vimanas


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; Vishnu;  prakara; śikharas; vimanas


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; prakara; śikharas; vimanas; entrances


KEYWORDS:
vimanas; śikharas; Nandi; vyala; dvarapala


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; East wall with Shiva and Parvati

KEYWORDS:
reliefs; Shiva; Parvati; garbagriha; Somaskanda


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; Somaskanda wall panel

KEYWORDS:
reliefs; Shiva; Parvati; Karttikeya; garbagriha; Somaskanda


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; Somaskanda wall panel framed by columns


VIEW:
Ext.det.: doorway from East through to sixteen-sided fluted linga (horizontal)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: doorway from East through to sixteen-sided fluted linga (vertical)


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; structural; Pallava; Hinduism; vyala; ganas

NOTES:
Somaskanda on back wall and also in the porch (entrance). Dates: early to mid 8th C. Built by Raja Simha Natasimha II.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: North part of East Wall and perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha)

KEYWORDS:
Shiva; structural; pradakshinapatha; Pallava; Hinduism; prakara

NOTES:
Square chamber with linga, Somaskanda on back wall and also in the porch (entrance). Dates: early to mid 8th C. Built by Raja Simha Natasimha II.


VIEW:
Int.det.: from East of linga and Somaskanda in central chamber

KEYWORDS:
Shiva; structural; linga; Somaskanda; Pallava; Hinduism; sculpture (visual work); garbagriha


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; structural; linga; Pallava; Hinduism; sculpture (visual work); garbagriha


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; West wall with Shiva


KEYWORDS:
bramacchanda; śikharas; vimanas; domes (dome components); cupolas (roof appendages)

NOTES:
Dates: second half of the 7th C., probably 668-700. Built by Mahendravarman II or Paramesvaravarman I.


NOTES:
Vishnu in repose - sculpture carved from rock in situ; portrayed with jata-makuta, often seen only on Shiva. Dates: early to mid 8th C. Built by Raja Simha Natasimha II.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: South perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) from West


VIEW:
Ext.det.: walls of South perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) from West


VIEW:
Ext.det.: walls and roof of South perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) from West


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Southwest corner of perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) from West


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Southwest corner of perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) from East


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Northeast corner of perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) from South


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Northeast corner of perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) wall from South


VIEW:
Ext.det.: North perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) from West


VIEW:
Ext.det.: upper walls of North perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) from West

KEYWORDS:
pradakshinapatha; prakara; upapitham; adisthanam; Sardula; fountains


VIEW:
Sculpt.: view from Northwest, with Durga on the right hind leg


VIEW:
Ext.det.: doorway from West with view of sea and lamp pillar/emblem-column

KEYWORDS:
entrances; lamps (lighting devices); pillars; seas


VIEW:
Ext.det.: perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) corner, shore in the background


VIEW:
Ext.det.: perambulatory passage (pradakshinapatha) corner with sculpture of monkey

KEYWORDS:
Shiva; pradakshinapatha; sculpture (visual work); prakara; lions; upapitham; adisthanam


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; carved stone panel of four-armed god, probably Vishnu, in porch (entrance)?

KEYWORDS:
Vishnu; structural; pradakshinapatha; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; Pallava; Hinduism; Shiva; śikharas; vimanas; devakoshtha; vyala


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; Pallava; Hinduism; sala


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Northwest corner with sculptures of Brahma and Shiva in niches (L-R)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: North sculpture of Brahma on West façade


VIEW:
Ext.det.: South sculpture of Shiva on West façade


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Southwest corner with sculptures of Shiva and Nrsimhavarman/Mamalla I with identifying inscription above


VIEW:
Ext.det.: West facade pillar with vyala bases from Southwest

NOTES:
Dates: mid 7th C. Built by King Narasimha Mahamalla (630-668).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: West facade pillar with vyala bases

KEYWORDS:
vyala; pillars; capitals (column components); brackets (structural elements)


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; Mahabharata; Bhagiratha; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Depicts the descent of the goddess Ganga due to Bhagiratha's penance and/or Arjuna performing penance to get Shiva's help in war. Dates: mid 7th C. Built by King Narasimha Mahamalla (630-680).


VIEW:
Sculpt.: relief: view from left with groundpiece

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; Shiva; Bhagiratha; Ganga; devas; reliefs


VIEW:
Sculpt.: relief; view of central portion with penance performer (top L, one leg), four-armed Shiva in varada-mudra gesture, with ganas

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; Shiva; Bhagiratha; Ganga; devas; ganas; reliefs


VIEW:
Sculpt.: relief; right portion with cleft

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; Mahabharata; Ramayana; rock-cut architecture; Shiva; ganas; varada-mudra; Bhagirathas; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: relief; detail of the cleft and right portion

KEYWORDS:
Mahabharata; Ramayana; rock-cut architecture; Shiva; ganas; varada-mudra; Naga; Bhagiratha; reliefs


VIEW:
Ext.: general view with relief of Mahisasura in flight

KEYWORDS:
Pallava; rock-cut architecture; reliefs; sculpture (visual work); Mahisasura


VIEW:
Ext.: distant view with tank (Gopi's Churn?) in foreground

KEYWORDS:
Pallava; rock-cut architecture; dvarapala; sculpture (visual work); devakoshtha; Mahisasuramardini

NOTES:
Triple-shrined cave (Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma). Shiva Shrine most prominent. Dates: mid to late 7th C.


KEYWORDS:
Pallava; dvarapala; reliefs; vyala; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Dedicated to Vishnu as Varaha (Boar) incarnation. Dates: mid 7th C. Probably built by Mamalla I.


KEYWORDS:
dvarapala; reliefs; vyala; sculpture (visual work); tanks (containers)


VIEW:
Ext.: facade showing unfinished top and bottom

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; rock-cut architecture; porches


VIEW:
Ext.: facade showing unfinished top and bottom, with view to mandapa and central shrine portico

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; rock-cut architecture; dvarapala; Shiva


VIEW:
Sculpt.: relief; central shrine, interior back wall; Somaskanda with Nandi and devotee

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; rock-cut architecture; Shiva; Parvati; Karttikeya; Somaskanda; reliefs

NOTES:
Only Somaskanda with Nandi. Dates: 7th C. Probably built by Mamalla I.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief, mandapa North wall; Durga on her lion (Vahana) with ganas, fighting Mahisasura, framed by pilasters


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief, Mandapa S wall; Vishnu in yoga-nidra reclining on serpent couch with demons Madhu and Kaitabha at feet

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; rock-cut architecture; Anantashayana; Madhu; Kaitabha


NOTES:
Directly N. of Descent of Ganga; unfinished; intended to have perambulatory in mandapa. Dates: late 7th C. to early 8th C. Built by Paramesvaravarman I or Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha.


VIEW:
Ext.: view from North, with Descent of Ganga relief in background


KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; rock-cut architecture; vyala; dvarapala; sala; sculpture (visual work); reliefs

NOTES:
Originally dedicated to Shiva; linga removed recently and re-dedicated to Ganesha. Dates: late 7th C. Built by Paramesvaravarman I.


NOTES:
Dates: second half of the 7th C. to early 8th C. Built by Paramesvaravarman I, Mamalla I, or Narasimhavarman II Rajasimha.


KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; sculpture (visual work); reliefs; vimanas

NOTES:
Directly on top of the Mahisasuramardini Cave. Dates: early 8th C. Built by Nrsimhavarman II Rajasimha.


VIEW:
Ext.: general view of boulder with carving, with lighthouse in background

NOTES:
Theme could be similar to Descent of Ganga, unfinished, perhaps done by same artist. Dates: first half of the 7th C. Built by Mahendravarman I or Mamalla I.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; Krishna lifting Govardhana mountain to protect villagers from storm raised by Indra

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; reliefs; Krishna; Govardhana; villages; people

NOTES:
Dates: mid 7th C. Probably built by Mamalla I.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; Balarama with one-arm around gopa, other on hip; cowherd milking cow; cow licking calf

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; rock-cut architecture; Balarama; villages


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; village scenes

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; reliefs; cowherds; cows; calfs; women


VIEW:
Sculpt.: interior relief; corner with gopas and gopis, lions, griffins, sphinxes in dens in the mountain on adjacent wall

KEYWORDS:
rock-cut architecture; reliefs; cows; calfs; villages; people; sphinxes


VIEW:
Ext.: view from front with carved niche of eight-armed Durga


TITLE_1:
View of people picnicking with Dharmaraja Ratha in background

KEYWORDS:
people; picnic areas; dikpala; Dharmaraja; rathas


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance, ringed by vyala heads; far side carved elephant heads

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; rock-cut architecture; Durga; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)

NOTES:
Unfinished; originally probably dedicated to Durga; had to do with Indra Festival. Dates: first half of the 8th C., probably 700-728. Built by Nrsimhavarman II Rajasimha.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: exterior relief; six-armed Durga and ganas fighting Mahisa

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Pallava; rock-cut architecture; Durga

NOTES:
Twenty feet from Atiranachanda Mandapa; style same as mandapa's somaskandas. Dates: first half of the 8th C., probably 700-728. Built by Nrsimhavarman II Rajasimha.


TITLE_1:
Palm Tree Landscape with Houses in the Background

KEYWORDS:
palm trees; dwellings; villages; people; beaches


VIEW:
Int.: worship area with three shrines to deities

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; sculpture (visual work); Vishnu

NOTES:
Active temple. Identification not positive; 88000123-89000125 are of one site. Dates: mid 14th to mid 16th C. Built by Vijayanagara rulers.


VIEW:
Int.det.: right shrine; sculpture of deity in an alcove framed by columns


VIEW:
Ext.: view: from Northwest (L-R); Olimukha-vasal, Balipita, Dhvaja-stambha, Vahana Mandapa, Tirukkachinambi Mandapa during restoration


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest (L-R); Olimukha-vasal, balipita, dhvaja-stambha, Vahana Mandapa, Tirukkachinambi Mandapa after restoration


VIEW:
Ext.: courtyard with four-pillared mandapas from inside West Gopura entrance with people


VIEW:
Ext.: mandapa side with pillars and people

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); horsemen; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: relief of Krisna as Venu-Gopala (Gana-Gopala) playing pipes for cowherds

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Vishnu; reliefs; columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Vishnu; reliefs; mandapas; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: relief on lower side of pillar

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); reliefs; mandapas


VIEW:
Ext.det.: pillar with two sculptures (L-R); figure on horse and Durga on lion


VIEW:
Ext.det.: relief of Krishna as Venu-Gopala (Gana-Gopala) playing pipes for cowherds


NOTES:
For the annual ceremonial marriage of the God and Goddess. Large hall. 575 x 96 meters. Exquisitely carved monolithic pillar. Dates: 16th C. Built by the Vijayanagar dynasty.


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); reliefs; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Int.det.: corner pillar with sculptures of people riding animals


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); reliefs; columns (architectural elements); horses; mandapas


TITLE_1:
Street scene including housing and shop stalls with people and cows

KEYWORDS:
streetscapes; façades; stands (mercantile structures); people


VIEW:
Ext.: from East, inside gopura, balipita, dhvaja-stambha, entrance


VIEW:
Ext.: front facade of a one-story house with people


VIEW:
Ext.: front facade of a two-story house with trees


VIEW:
Ext.: front facade of a two-story house with people.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast of Prakara with vimana (shrine and superstructure)

KEYWORDS:
vimanas; prakara; śikharas; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.: from East (L-R); two mandapas connected to vimana, devakulika in prakara

KEYWORDS:
vimanas; prakara; śikharas; sculpture (visual work); devakulika; mandapas


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; entrance to smaller middle shrine of vimana, chapels in the prakara and stone Nandi


VIEW:
Ext.: Southeast corner of prakara with devakulika, Nandi in the foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: Southwest corner of prakara with devakulika, mandapa in the foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Southeast corner of Mahendravarma Shrine through doorway  to mandapa and prakara chapels

KEYWORDS:
Shiva; vyala; sculpture (visual work); reliefs


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); prakara; Sardula; temples


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Brahma with Hanuman worshipping Linga in left hand framed by vyala based pillars in third chapel from E on N prakara

KEYWORDS:
Brahma; Hanuman; sculpture (visual work); Sardula; linga


VIEW:
Sculpt.: relief of Narasimha framed by vyala based pillars in seventh chapel from East on South prakara

KEYWORDS:
Vishnu; Narasimha; sculpture (visual work); Sardula


VIEW:
Ext.det.: corner details with relief work

KEYWORDS:
reliefs; temples; corners (object components); deities


VIEW:
Int.det.: altar with clothed bronze sculptures and stone relief behind


VIEW:
Ext.: from South with stone nandi, vyala (yali) piers

NOTES:
Largest sandstone temple in the world. Richest of all Pallava Shrines in terms of figural decoration. Has 58 devakulikas (mini-shrines) running around the main temple. Dates: first half of the 8th C. Built by Nrsimhavarman II Rajasimha (reign 690-728).


VIEW:
Ext.: (L-R); mandapa, gopuras, temple tank

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; gopuras; temples; tanks (containers); people


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; Ananata-Sara tank with (L-R) Nirali and Attivaradara Mandapas and people

KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); mandapas; people


TITLE_1:
Sri Varadarajaswami Temple; Chakrattalvar Shrine

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; shrines (structures); Alvar Saints; frescoes


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); reliefs; dancing


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); portraits; reliefs; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Ext.: from East with (L-R) devakulika, prakara, vimana

KEYWORDS:
Shiva; vimanas; prakara; devakulika; śikharas


VIEW:
Ext.: Southeast facade Mahamandapa (entrance mandapa) with vimana


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; devakulika on Southeast prakara


VIEW:
Ext.det.: prakara chapel with Somaskanda relief and stone sculpture of Ganesha framed by vyala bas pillars

KEYWORDS:
Somaskanda; reliefs; Ganesha; Sardula; columns (architectural elements)


NOTES:
Dates: second half of the 7th C. Built by Mamalla I, Mahendravarman II, or Paramesvaravarman I.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast;  Ananata-Saras tank, with (L-R) eight-pillared mandapa, Kalyana Mandapa, Nirali Mandapa, W Gopura, prakara, Varaha Shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast with top of Attivaradar Mandapa, Nirali Mandapa corner, against prakara

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); śikharas; mandapas; prakara; Vishnu


TITLE_1:
Bridge Across River with Temple, Oxen, and Figures


TITLE_1:
Billboard Advertisements, Trucks, and Figures


TITLE_1:
People Doing Laundry in the River with the City in the Background


VIEW:
Ext.: view of bottom with relief depicting the 133 chapters of sacred Kural; pulled by stone elephants


VIEW:
Sculpt.: sculpture of horses rearing with riders attached to pillars, with figures

NOTES:
Dates: 15th to 17th C. Built by Vijayanagars?


VIEW:
Aerial: from Sri Vedagiri Eswarar, hilltop, of tank with mandapa surrounded by town

NOTES:
Not clear whether tank belongs to Sri Vedagiri Eswarar or Sri Bakthavatsalar Temple. Dates: 11th to 16th C. Built by Cholas, Vijayanagars?


TITLE_1:
Thanjavur Palace; Maharata Serfojis Saraswati Mahal Library

NOTES:
30,000 palmleaf and paper manuscripts; originally a palace; now houses the Art Gallery, Library, Hall of Music. Dates: mid 16th C. (possibly). Built by the Nayaks and Marathas.


TITLE_1:
Thanjavur Palace; Maharata Serfojis Sarasvati Mahal Library

VIEW:
Ext.det.: sign and painted sculpture of Sarasvati


VIEW:
Ext.: from West, passageway with view to arch beyond with group portrait and elephant


VIEW:
Ext.: from West; view to outer gopura, people


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; inner gopura, outer gopura, prakara with people

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Shiva; sculpture (visual work); sala


VIEW:
Ext.: from East (L-R); balipita, Nandi Mandapa, vimana, Brihannayaki Shrine

KEYWORDS:
balipita; Nandi; vimanas; shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); mahamandapa, Brihannayaki Shrine's Nandi Mandapa, gopura

KEYWORDS:
mahamandapas; Brihannayaki; Nandi; mandapas; gopuras


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); Brihannayaki Shrine's Nandi Mandapa, dhvaja-stambha, gopura


VIEW:
Ext.: from South (L-R); dhvaja-stambha and Nandi Mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.det.: kirttimukha, with sculpture of a European (unidentified)

KEYWORDS:
kirttimukha; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.: vimana lower North facade (L-R); devakosthas, dvarapala, water spout, gana


VIEW:
Ext.: vimana lower N facade (L-R); devakosthas, dvarapala, water spout, gana


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana North side; water spout supported by gana


VIEW:
Ext.det.: devakoshtha on West wall of vimana

KEYWORDS:
devakoshtha; sculpture (visual work); friezes

NOTES:
Devakostha with Vishnu. Dedicated to Shiva. Sanctum based on a square plan with two mandapa and an attached vestibule. Dates: early 11th C., consecration 1010 according to inscription. Built by Rajaraja I.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: West dvarapala on South staircase entrance


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; shrine with vimana, mandapa

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; Shiva; sculpture (visual work); granite; śikharas


VIEW:
Int.det.: linga with mural showing Mahisasuramardini (Durga)

KEYWORDS:
limgam; mural paintings; Mahisasuramardini; prakara


VIEW:
Int.det.: painted mural of Ganesha, with linga


VIEW:
Plan: complex with lower elevation of main shrine, labeled


TITLE_1:
View of corner of street with colonial buildings, park, and figures


TITLE_1:
Stall in Open Air Market--Weighing Peppers


VIEW:
Ext.: facade with devakostha, water spout and yali frieze below


VIEW:
Ext.det.: yali frieze with inscription below


VIEW:
Ext.: beggar on the hill, along the way to the temple


NOTES:
Not positively identified as in Gangaikondacolapuram.


VIEW:
Ext.: from East within Gopura (front-back); figures, balipita, Nandi, main temple--Mukhamandapa, Mahamandapa, Ardhamandapa, vimana, Daksina Kailasa Temple (Ten-Kailasam)

KEYWORDS:
people; balipita; mandapas; vimanas; shrines (structures); śikharas; Nandi


VIEW:
Ext.: from East within Gopura (front-back); balipita, Nandi, main temple--Mukhamandapa, Mahamandapa, Ardhamandapa, vimana


VIEW:
Ext.: from East (L-R); prakara ruins, Daksina Kailasa Temple, main temple Mahamandapa, Ardhamandapa, vimana and mukhamandapa, Nandi, balipita, UttaraKailasa Temple (Vada-Kailasam)

KEYWORDS:
balipita; mandapas; vimanas; shrines (structures); śikharas; Nandi


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Ganesa (Ganapati) Shrine, main temple with vimana, Ardhamandapa, Mahamandapaand and Mukhamandapa, Nandi, balipita, prakara

KEYWORDS:
balipita; mandapas; vimanas; shrines (structures); śikharas; Nandi; Ganesha


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); Daksina Kailasa Temple, Ganesa Shrine, prakara, main temple vimana, Ardhamandapa, Mahamandapa and Mukhamandapa, Nandi, balipita, N Gate ruins


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; main temple vimana, Ardhamandapa, Mahamandapa and Mukhamandapa, North Gate, Nandi


NOTES:
Alankara Mandapa, rebuilt 1800s, used for temple's executive office. Dates: first half of the 11th C., probably 1020-1035. Built by Parakesari Rajendra I Cola (1012-1044).


VIEW:
Ext.: from West, from Mukhamandapa floor, Nandi with East Gopura ruins behind


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); vimana, Ardhamandapa, Mahamandapa, Mukhamandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); vimana, Ardhamandapa, Mahamandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest (L-R); main temple vimana, Daksina Kailasa Temple, Ganesa Shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest (L-R); main temple Ardhamandapa, vimana, Daksina Kailasa Temple


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast (back-front); main temple Mahamandapa, Ardhamandapa, vimana, Candesvara Temple, Durga Shrine, prakara ruins

KEYWORDS:
vimanas; shrines (structures); mandapas; prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: N facade (front-back); Uttara Kailasa Temple, main temple vimana


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana East wall, North side, lower tier; devakostha with Candesanugrahamurti, yali frieze below


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Mahamandapa West wall, North side, lower tier; devakostha--Sarasvati


VIEW:
Ext.: with gopura ruins and Candesvara Temple in background


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest; Uttar Kailasa Temple, E Gopura ruins, Candesvara Temple, main temple Mahamandapa, Ardhamandapa, vimana

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; shrines (structures); gopuras; ruins; vimanas


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest; main temple vimana, prakara, Daksina Kailasa Temple, Ganesa Shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: from Southwest; with well and prakara

NOTES:
Sculpture guards the well, the water of which Rajendra sanctified with water from the Ganges. Dates: first half of the 11th C., probably 1012-1044. Built by Parakesari Rajendra I Cola (1012-1044).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: East side of North stairs railing (L-R); yali (?), elephant; prakara chapels behind


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; stairs, mandapa, vimana with water spout, tank; prakara chapels behind

KEYWORDS:
devakoshtha; sculpture (visual work); abhiseka; stairs; adisthanam


VIEW:
Ext.: from East (front-back); Nandi Mandapa, balipita, East Gopura with prakara

KEYWORDS:
Nandi; mandapas; balipita; gopuras; prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); vimana with Mandapa (Rajagambira Alankara Mandapa), Manimandapa; under renovation


VIEW:
Ext.: from West; entrance to Rajagambiran Tiru Mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); Mahamandapa, Rajagambiran Tiru Mandapa, and prakara

KEYWORDS:
Nandi; colonnades; sala; rathas; mandapas; prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); vimana with Daksinamurti Shrine, Antarala, and Ardhamandapa

KEYWORDS:
Nandi; śikharas; sala; devakoshtha; mandapas; antarala


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast (L-R); prakara, vimana with Daksinamurti Shrine, Antarala, Ardhamandapa with stairs, Mahamandapa with stairs; under renovation


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; vimana with Daksinamurti Shrine and Antarala


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; vimana with Daksinamurti Shrine, Antarala, and Ardhamandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from West (L-R); prakara, Candesvara Shrine, and vimana


VIEW:
Ext.: from East; vimana with Daksinamurt shrine, and Antarala


VIEW:
Ext.: from South (L-R); prakara with mandapas, vimana upapitham


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; prakara and mandapa


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Agasthya; Rishis


VIEW:
Sculpt.: from East, Shiva with consort (?)

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Shiva; consorts


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); rishi; disciples


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; prakara with mandapas and laborers setting a wall

KEYWORDS:
prakara; columns (architectural elements); mandapas; laborers; construction


KEYWORDS:
prakara; columns (architectural elements); mandapas; laborers; constrcution


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (L-R); prakara, vimana with Daksinamurti Shrine, Antarala, Ardhamandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; prakara with mandapa

KEYWORDS:
prakara; columns (architectural elements); mandapas


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast, Ardhamandapa roof; vimana and Antarala shrine

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; antarala; shrines (structures); vimanas


VIEW:
Ext.: from East, Ardhamandapa roof; Antarala shrine with vimana above


VIEW:
Ext.det.: portrait of two female laborers


VIEW:
Aerial: from East, South portion; W Gopura, Vikramacholan Tirumaligai (2nd) prakara complex with E Gateway, W Gateway, Sri Mulanathar Shrine, Cit Sabha, Kanaka Sabha, Govindaraja Shrine, Nrtta Sabha

KEYWORDS:
Hinduism; sala; colonnades; Parvati; wood (plant material); rathas; Urdhva Tandava; Ratna Sabhapati; Shivakama Sundari; Svarna Bhairava; Kalyana Sundara


VIEW:
Aerial: view from East, central portion; W Gourpa, Sivaganga Tank, Vikramacholan Tirumaligai Prakara complex with Sri Mulanathar Shrine, Cit Sabha, Kanaka Sabha, E and W Gateways, Govindaraja Shrine

KEYWORDS:
Chola; Hinduism; Shiva; sala; colonnades; Parvati; wood (plant material); Ratna Sabhapati; Shivakama Sundari; Svarna Bhairava; Kalyana Sundara; akasa linga

NOTES:
Sivakami Amman Shrine also Tiruk Kamak Kottam; all sabhas have four-sided gable-like roof supported by pillars. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1272. Built by Kulottunga I, Vikrama Cola, Kulottunga II, Kulottunga III, etc.


VIEW:
Aerial: view from East, North portion; 100 pillar Mandapa, Sivakami Amman Shrine, Subrahamanya Shrine (Pandya Nayakam), N. Gopura, Sivaganga Tank, 1,000 Pillar Mandapa (Raja Sabha)

KEYWORDS:
Chola; Hinduism; Shiva; sala; colonnades


VIEW:
Aerial: view from East, S portion; 3rd prakara, S Gopura, Ganapati Shrine, W Gopura, 2nd prakara complex with Nrtta Sabha, E & W Gateways, Govindaraja Shrine, Kanaka &  Cit Sabhas, S Mulanathar Shrine


VIEW:
Aerial: view from S Gopura; N Gopura, Subrahmanya Shr., Amman Shr., 100 Pillar Mand., Tank, Raja Sabha, 2nd prak. comp. with Nrtta Sabha, E & W Gateways, Govindaraja Shr., Cit Sabha, S Mulanathar Shr.

KEYWORDS:
Chola; Hinduism; Shiva; sala; colonnades; wood (plant material); Shivakama Sundari; Ratna Sabhapati; Svarna Bhairava; Kalyana Sundara; akasa; ratha; Shivaganga


VIEW:
Aerial: view from hill on way to Sri Vedagiri Eswarar Temple; gopuras, vimanas and surrounding town

KEYWORDS:
sala; Hinduism; Shiva; śikharas; dwellings


VIEW:
Aerial view: Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple visible with surrounding town

KEYWORDS:
gopuras; temples; islands; rivers; dwellings


VIEW:
Ext.: view of gopuras, with golden shikara of main vimana


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; North Sixth Gopura (under renovation), gopura and golden vimana


VIEW:
Aerial: view from Southeast (L-R); West gopura, main gold vimana, North gopuras


VIEW:
Aerial: view from East, West gopura, golden vimana


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (front-back); North gopura, golden vimana, mandapa dome


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest (front-back); North gopura, golden vimana, mandapa dome, South gopura


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest (L-R); gopura and prakara


VIEW:
Aerial: view from Northeast (L-R); gopura, prakara, mandapa


VIEW:
Aerial: view from South; gopura (under renovation), street scene


VIEW:
Aerial: view from Southeast; Southwest part, gopura (under renovation), street scene


VIEW:
Aerial: view from South; fourth prakara and mandapa roof


VIEW:
Aerial: view from West (front-back); fifth and sixth prakara, gopura, town and river


VIEW:
Aerial: view from W (front-back); fifth and sixth prakara, gopura, town and river


VIEW:
Aerial: view from Southeast; West fifth, sixth and seventh prakaras, with sculpture


VIEW:
Ext.: under renovation from North with street scene


VIEW:
Ext.: from N; street scene with  S. Uttar Gopura (5) & S. Cittirai G. (6) (under renovation) beyond.


VIEW:
Ext.: two-story facade within outer courts of temple complex, with people


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; temple tank with pillared porch and Paramapadavasal Gopura (back), with people

KEYWORDS:
tanks (containers); porches; gopuras; people


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; temple tank with pillared porch and Paramapadavasal Gopura (back)


VIEW:
Ext.: South facade of vimana and antarala

KEYWORDS:
śikharas; sculpture (visual work); antarala


VIEW:
Ext.: North facade (?); vimana and antarala?


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana Northeast corner; devakoshtha--young woman looking in a mirror to apply a tilaka on her forehead; and lady with a parrot

KEYWORDS:
devakoshtha; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana North façade, East side; devakoshtha--young woman looking in mirror applying a tilaka to forehead


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana East façade, North side; devakoshtha--young woman with parrot


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana West façade, South side; devakoshtha--young woman on a swing with parrot


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana Southwest corner; devakoshtha--young woman on a swing with parrot


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vimana North facade, W side; devakoshtha--woman playing veena


VIEW:
Ext.: from South, showing elephant motif on the adisthanam

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; adisthanam; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest, with elephant and people motif

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); adisthanam; people


NOTES:
Gates such as this restricted entry into the city from different directions. They were part of the protective wall enclosing the city. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1727-1733. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


VIEW:
Int.: cusped arch portico at lowest level with Govind Deo temple in background

KEYWORDS:
cusped arches; peristyles (colonnades); halls; channels (water body components); temples


NOTES:
This entrance to the private apartments is in classic revival style by Samuel Swinton Jacob. Dates: late 19th C. Built by Sawai Madho Singh II.


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Southwest with diwan-i-am in background


KEYWORDS:
arches; pillars; marble (rock); inlays; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
façades; porticoes; jharokha; balconies; cusped arches


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Southeast, with Chandra Mahal in background

KEYWORDS:
gates; colonnades; cusped arches; Bangaldar; roofs

NOTES:
Area of public audience. While the Diwan-i-am includes both the hall as well as the courtyard, the hall in specific is known as Sabha Niwas. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1728-1735. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


VIEW:
Ext.: descent from Singh Pol to Jaleb Chowk from South


VIEW:
Ext.: from N with Singh Pol in background and Chand Pole on the right


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; Chand Pol at the back


KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; gates; stone; inlays


KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; gates; interiors; alcoves


VIEW:
Int.: formal garden from N with Jai Mandir-Jess Mandir in the background


NOTES:
The facade of the building reflects the typical style of building and adornment that Jaipur came to be known for, even though the building appears to be a more modern structure. Built by municipal authorities of Jaipur.


NOTES:
Served as the entrance from the private areas of the palace to its public ones; elaborately decorated. Dates: early 18th C. Probably built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II (reign 1699-1744)


VIEW:
Int.: Jai Mandir-Jess Mandir in background


KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; pavilions (garden structures)


KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; zenana; harems; Baradari

NOTES:
Initially a self-sufficient palace; later converted in to the zenana of the palace. The Baradari (twelve-pillared open hall) was where the kings gave audience to the women. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C., probably 1592-1615. Built by Man Singh.


NOTES:
Initially a self-sufficient palace; later converted to the zenana of the palace. The Baradari (twelve-pillared open hall) was where the kings gave audience to the women. Dates: late 16th to early 17th C., probably 1592-1615. Built by Man Singh.


VIEW:
Int.det.: closed balcony, with Jaigarh in background


NOTES:
The silver urn carried the water of ganges when the king went to visit the queen in England. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1728-1735. Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh (reign 1699-1743).


NOTES:
Pleasure palace built on the artificial lake, Man Sagar. Dates: second quarter of the 18th C., probably 1735.


KEYWORDS:
deul; śikharas; mulaprasada; jagamohana; nata-mandira; dwellings


NOTES:
This temple is situated to the west of the Lingaraja compound. Dates: mid 15th C., probably 1449.


VIEW:
Street leading to Jagannatha Puri temple

KEYWORDS:
Jagannatha; Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; vaishnavite

NOTES:
Route of Jagannatha Ratha Yatra. Photographed around 1978.


KEYWORDS:
Jagannatha; Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra;


VIEW:
Ext.: façade with elaborate divine sculpture

KEYWORDS:
medicine; halls; towns; dwellings; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


NOTES:
Colonial building finished with terracotta tiels and cement plaster. Dates: early 20th C., probably 1922. Built by Bengal Nagpur Railways (BNR), now SE Indian Railways.


VIEW:
Ext.: from E nata-mandira with Jagamohana Mastaka


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); horses; warriors


KEYWORDS:
pabhaga; friezes; reliefs; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: gargoyle of crocodile (water spout)


KEYWORDS:
bamboo; construction; Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra


VIEW:
Ext.: Square outside the Jagannatha temple

NOTES:
Stylistically similar to the Lingaraja temples, but not as refined; has a Panca Ratha plan. Dates: second quarter of the 12th C., about 1135. Built by King Choda-Ganga.


VIEW:
Street vendor along main thoroughfare to temple


VIEW:
Street vendors along Jagannatha temple thoroughfare


VIEW:
Market square; street vendors along main thoroughfare


NOTES:
Bi-lanes off the main Jagannatha temple thoroughfare. Photographed around 1978.


VIEW:
Man on the street and chariot in background.


NOTES:
Upper class town house. Dates: mid 20th C., probably 1951.


NOTES:
Street lined up with various shops selling beads, shells. Photographed around 1978.


NOTES:
Reed baskets once used for temple offerings. Photographed around 1978.


VIEW:
Terracotta horses for Lord Jagannatha's chariot


VIEW:
Construction of structures for the Ratha Yatra from South


VIEW:
Hawkers with Ratha construction in the background


KEYWORDS:
construction; wood (plant material); temporary structures; sculpture (visual work); craftsmen; widows


VIEW:
Ext.det.: relief sculpture: elephant procession

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); reliefs; elephants; processions


VIEW:
Sculpt.: East side of the Bada; Karttikeya

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); bada; Karttikeya


VIEW:
Sculpt.: West side of the Bada; Ravananugraha


VIEW:
Ext.: minor shrine in Northeast corner of temple complex


VIEW:
Ext.: minor shrine in southern wall of temple complex


VIEW:
Int.: entrance to mulaprasada, nandi in foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: jagamohana from within nata-mandira


NOTES:
Contemporary building. Dates: early 20th C., probably 1922.


VIEW:
Ext.: the nata-mandira with the Jagamohana from E


NOTES:
Dedicated to Surya (Sun-God), temple layout replicates Surya's celestial chariot, known for its monumentality and extant sculptures. Dates: mid 13th C, probably 1238-1264. Built by King Narasimha I (reg 1238–64).


NOTES:
Part of the same temple complex; this is a smaller shrine to the S.W. of the main temple. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1238-1264. Built by King Narasimha I (reg 1238–64).


KEYWORDS:
tombs; domes (dome components); screens (furniture)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: masonry and sculpture on the roof of the Jagamohana

KEYWORDS:
gandi; jagamohana; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; Draupadi Ratha in foreground and Dharmaraja Ratha in background

KEYWORDS:
Dharmaraja; Bhima; Arjuna; Draupadi; rathass; dikpala; vaults (structural elements); apsidal buildings


VIEW:
Ext.det.: central panel shows Indra on elephant

KEYWORDS:
Arjuna; dikpala; Indra; Airavata; devakoshtha; rathas

CITATION_1:
Jaenicke, Anselm; Mamallapuram und die Welt der Südindischen Kunst; Krefeld: Scherpe; 1965; Annex; N7308.M21 J22


VIEW:
Int.det.: from Southeast; mandapa, inner portico with two cells visible to L

KEYWORDS:
Mahishamardini; panels (surface components); lions; columns (architectural elements); dvarapala


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple; Mariamman Teppakulam

KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); gopuras

NOTES:
Located two miles due east of the temple. Dates: early to mid 17th C. Built by Tirumalai Nayak (reign 1623-1659).


VIEW:
Ext.: from North Northwest, from once existing entrance steps of a cukhamandapa

NOTES:
Three shrines face the west; common mukhamandapa existed, enclosed by wall. Dates: mid 10th C. Built by Sundara Chola (Parantaka II Madurantaka).


VIEW:
Ext.: from West, central shrine with roofless ardhamandapa in foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest; Draupadi and Arjuna Rathas, Bhima Ratha partly visible

KEYWORDS:
Draupadi; rathas; Arjuna; Bhima; lions; vaults (structural elements); thatching; roofs


NOTES:
Free-standing sculptural replicas of several temple types; named after the Pandava brothers and their wife Draupadi of the Mahabharata. Dates: mid 7th C. Built by King Narasimha Mahamalla (630-668). Drawing by Fergusson 1838-1839.


VIEW:
Persp. dwg.: stone drawing by T. C. Dibdin; general view with cave temple 26

NOTES:
These drawings from sketches made on the spot by Fergusson, 1838-1839. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


VIEW:
Persp. dwg.: stone drawing by T. C. Dibdin showing cave interior

NOTES:
These drawings from sketches made on the spot by Fergusson, 1838-1839. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE., probably late 5th - early 6th C.


VIEW:
Persp. dwg.: stone drawing by T. C. Dibdin showing cave entrance


VIEW:
Persp. dwg.: stone drawing of exterior of the cave by T. C. Dibdin


VIEW:
Persp. dwg.: stone drawing of cell at end of verandah by T. C. Dibdin


VIEW:
Sculpt.: statues of Agora Virbhadra and Agni Virbhadra

KEYWORDS:
statues; Agni Virbhadra; Agora Virbhadra


VIEW:
Int.: Dwarabalaga at entrance to Swamy temple


VIEW:
Int.det.: outer corridor of the Shiva temple, adjacent to tank

NOTES:
Columns have the culpture of tamil poets. Dates: 16th to 17th C. Built by the Nayak Rulers.


VIEW:
Int.: Meenaski Naickei Mandapam; people resting on floor


VIEW:
Int.: bazaar in temple corridor along the outer prakaras

KEYWORDS:
markets (events); temples; corridors; people; prakara


VIEW:
Ext.: shopping aisle formed by building along the temple outer walls


VIEW:
Ext.det.: column capital and connecting arch

KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); capitals (column components); arches


VIEW:
Ext.det.: view toward audience hall to West of arcade

KEYWORDS:
halls; courtyards; columns (architectural elements); colonnades


VIEW:
Ext.: Kalyana Mandapa in front of audience hall across open court

NOTES:
Stuccoed arches rest on four composite pillars; five rows of pillars. Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1636. Built by Tirumalai Nayaka (reign 1623-1659).


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); sculpture (visual work); Narasimha


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); sculpture (visual work); Urdhva Tandava


VIEW:
Ext.: pavilion among unfinished columns, as mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: from under the pavillion toward entrance gopura

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); gopuras


VIEW:
Ext.: from beyond pavillion toward entrance gopura


VIEW:
Ext.: from pavilion outward toward shrine in the village

KEYWORDS:
mandapas; columns (architectural elements); people


VIEW:
Ext.: photo image of the Hoysala Temple at Somanathpur

NOTES:
See from the eastern entrance, with shrines at Prasanna Channa Kesava. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1268.

PUB_SOURCE_TITLE:
***Written records indicate confusion re: title

CITATION_1:
Hurlimann, Martin; India; London: Thames and Hudson; 1967; Kroch Library Asia; DS414.H88 1967++


VIEW:
Int.det.: toranas over columns of Ranga Mandapa

KEYWORDS:
toranas; columns (architectural elements); mandapas


VIEW:
Int.det.: relief with scenes from life of Aristanemi on ceiling


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Mahavidya vajran kusi on a ceiling


VIEW:
Ext.det.: idol niche at left jamb of entrance to main temple


VIEW:
Ext.det.: idol niche at right jamb of entrance to temple


VIEW:
Int.det.: sabhapadma mandaraka ceiling in nave of rangamandapa

NOTES:
Dates: mid 11th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala (minister under Solanki dynasty).


VIEW:
Int.: passage between rangamandapa and devakulikas on front side

NOTES:
Devakulikas built from donations by businessmen. Dates: mid 11th C., begun in 1032. Built by Vimala (minister under Solanki dynasty).


VIEW:
Int.det.: mandaraka ceiling of mukhamandapa


CITATION_1:
Fischer, Klaus; Caves and Temples of the Jains; Aligan, Uttar Pradesh: The World Jain Misson; 1956; Kroch Library Asia; NA6001.F52


VIEW:
Int.det.: column with arches and balcony


NOTES:
Dates: mid 17th C., probably 1636. Built by Tirumalai Nayak (reign 1623-1659).


TITLE_1:
Sri Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple; Veeravasantharayar Mandapa

VIEW:
Int.: colonnade towards Nandi at East end of Veeravasantharayar mandapa


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Nandi in Veeravasantharayar mandapa


VIEW:
Plan: temples on Mount Abu: Vimala Vasahi, Luna Vasahi and Adinatha temples

PUB_SOURCE_TITLE:
The Art & Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent


NOTES:
Dedicated to Adinatha. Temple left unfinished. Dates: 14th C.


NOTES:
Built by Soma or Somanatha, a high officer under Narasimha III. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1268.


NOTES:
Built for the Rasa Lila festival, the building is octagonal and has a domed central space surrounded by vaulted passages; externally it is surmounted by a stepped pyramidal spire of masonry. Dates: early 17th C. Built by Bir Hambir.


NOTES:
Brass statue of the Buddha plated in gold with precious stones. Dates: mid 15th C.


KEYWORDS:
Buddha; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


NOTES:
Adjacent to Shey Palace. The palace, built on a summit, is a model that was followed later in Leh and Tsaparang (Tibet).  Dates: second half of the 16th to the first half of the 17th C. Built by (possibly) wife of Senge Namgyel (reign ca. 1570-1642),


KEYWORDS:
Dukhang; columns (architectural elements); brackets (structural elements); Buddha

NOTES:
Possibly the new Dukhang built about 20 years ago. Matho is the only monastery in Ladakh of Saskya-pa sect lamas, that was founded by Lama Tungpa Dorjay. Dates: 16th C.


KEYWORDS:
Dukhang; columns (architectural elements); tapestries


NOTES:
Mask of Cipati, the Master of the Cemetery, worn during Nagrang Festival.


VIEW:
Ext.: rock engraving of Buddha' below Shey palace

NOTES:
Located below Shey Palace, rock carving of five Buddhas. Dates: third quarter of the 17th C. Built by King Delden Namygal (reign 1642-1676).


VIEW:
Ext.: chortens and village from Phiyang monastery


VIEW:
Ext.: view from Shey Palace of village and fields below


VIEW:
Int.: sacred texts stored along far wall


VIEW:
Ext.: general view of Tiskey monastery from below


NOTES:
Built as a homage to King Singge Namgyal. The monastery has an impressive library and paintings in the main prayer room. Dates: mid 17th C.


VIEW:
Int.det.: pillar, capitals and woodwork with wall paintings behind entrance


NOTES:
Stok palace became the seat of the royal Namygal family. Dates: early 19th C., probably 1820. Built by King Tsepal Dondrub Namygal.


NOTES:
Built at the site of earlier monastery that's now in ruins. Dates: mid 15th C.


NOTES:
Animals painted are offerings to the protectors. Dates: mid 15th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: well, basil plant and entrance porch to complex


VIEW:
Ext.: area between entrance porch and the temple


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance porch from inside the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext.: view along side of temple toward end of enclosure with porches


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); entrances; panels (surface components)


NOTES:
Columns are richly decorated. This is a single-shikhara (ekaratna) temple. The façade is covered with terracotta panels illustrating epic stories and scenes of Krishna at play (lila). Dates: late 17th C., probably 1694.


KEYWORDS:
façades; entrances; Bangaldar; roofs; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to shrine in temple complex

KEYWORDS:
entrances; shrines (structures); temples; Bangaldar; roofs


NOTES:
Originally the Belvedere, now a library. Represents early adaptions of European styles to local contexts. Dates: second half of the 18th C., probably 1770.


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance facade of building opposite the temple


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); columns (architectural elements); arches


VIEW:
Ext.: front facade seen along the Queen Victoria statue

KEYWORDS:
entrances; lawns (landscaped grass); statues; Queen Victoria; domes (dome components); columns (architectural elements); arches


VIEW:
Ext.: in context with neighboring two buildings


VIEW:
Ext.: in context with neighboring right hand side building


VIEW:
Ext.: group of tourists at temple entrance steps


VIEW:
Ext.det.: upapitham and adisthanam panels showing fighting figures, lions, and elephants


KEYWORDS:
ceilings; terracotta; panels (surface components)


VIEW:
Int.: towards the window on the temple side


VIEW:
Int.: columns with mirrors near the sanctum

KEYWORDS:
sanctums; mandapas; columns (architectural elements); mirrors


NOTES:
Ancient Hindu temple famous for its hot springs.


VIEW:
Ext.: votive stupas surrounding Great Stupa

NOTES:
Added in the fifth modification (ca. 600). Initially built when Nalanda was established, it was modified six times. It has four towers and its walls had stucco images. Dates: early 5th C. Built by the Gupta kings (ca. 275-550).


CITATION_2:
Archaeological Remains, Monuments & Museums; New Delhi: Architectural Survey of India; 1964; Fine Arts; N7301.I393


VIEW:
Ext.: remaining platform of a temple or classroom

KEYWORDS:
vihara; classrooms; temples; cells (interior spaces)


VIEW:
Ext.: Cloisters; North gateway (from enclosed courtyard)

KEYWORDS:
cloisters; cusped arches; pagodas; boundary walls


VIEW:
Ext.: local houseboats on non-touristic front of Dal Lake

NOTES:
Not as fancy as the tourist houseboats, towards the back of Dal Lake. The 6.4 km long and 4 km wide natural lake is divided into four man-made causeways: Gangribal, Lokut Dal, Bod Dal, and Nagin.


VIEW:
Ext.: black marble pavilion and water tank

KEYWORDS:
pavilions (garden structures); channels (water body components); fountains; reservoirs (water distribution structures)


KEYWORDS:
gardens; terraces (landscaped-site elements); fountains


KEYWORDS:
gates; gardens; fountains; channels (water body components); paths


KEYWORDS:
gardens; channels (water body components); fountains; paths; people


KEYWORDS:
gardens; paths; lawns (landscaped grass)


KEYWORDS:
pavilions (garden structures); paths; people; channels (water body components); fountains


VIEW:
Ext.: along temple facade toward entrance porch


VIEW:
Ext.: angled view of Madana-Mohana temple


VIEW:
Ext.: view of temple with entrance porch behind


VIEW:
Ext.det.: vertical band of rodged molding at entrance of temple

NOTES:
Shows horse and rider on top of other in a vertical column. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1845.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: left hand panel over doorway depicting five shrines

NOTES:
Slabs carefully decorated; deity with a lotus inside image of temple. Dates: 19th C. Built by Sarkar Srinivash.


KEYWORDS:
panels (surface components); cells (interior spaces)


VIEW:
Int.det.: relief on interior wall of main sanctuary and part of arched gateway


KEYWORDS:
temples; ruins; panels (surface components)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: broken relief on base of pillar


VIEW:
Int.det.: relief on interior wall of gateway


VIEW:
Int.det.: relief on interior wall of main sanctuary


VIEW:
Ext.: Brahmins seated in the eight-pillared mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: Ganesha shrine through the gateway


VIEW:
Ext.det.: main temple base with gargoyle

CITATION_1:
Venkataraman, Balasubrahmanyam; Rajarajesvaram: the pinnacle of Chola art; Madras, India: Mudgala Trust; 1985; Annex; NA6008.T437 V46


VIEW:
Int.det.: Nandi Mandapa pillars with main shrine in background


VIEW:
Ext.: main shrine of Rajarajesvaram from the Nandi Mandapa


CITATION_1:
Pillai, Suresh B; Introduction to the study of temple art; Thanjavur : Equator and Meridian; 1976; Fine Arts; NA6007.T35 P66


VIEW:
Persp.: conjectural reconstruction of scaffolding


NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla (Officer of King Vishnuvardhana).


VIEW:
Ext.: North facade, entrance in the center, with Nandi mandapa to east


VIEW:
Ext.: from the Southeast side, with Nandi mandapa in foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to navaranga with nine ceilings that fronts shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: East entrance to the southern shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: East facade of complex from the Southeast


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; sculpture (visual work); Nandi

NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Nandi is the vahana of Shiva, who is enshrined in the Hoysalesvara. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla.


NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. This mandapa is less elaborate of the two. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla (Officer of King Vishnuvardhana).


NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Southern navaranga sports dvarapalas whereas the northern one doesnT. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla.


VIEW:
Int.: entrance to the vimana from the navaranga, with dvarapalas


NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Shiva shown dancing as conqueror of a demon in the form of elephant. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla.

CITATION_1:
Mehta, Rustam Jehangir; Masterpieces of Indo-Islamic Architecture; Bombay: Taraporevala; 1976; Fine Arts; NA1502.M49


NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Rendering is myth of Krishna lifting Mt. Govardhan. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla (Officer of King Vishnuvardhana).


NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Rendering depicts Vishnu rescuing Goddess Earth from ocean depth. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Garuda carries Vishnu and Lakshmi

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Garuda; Vishnu; Lakshmi


NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Narrative frieze relates to general mythology and dances. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: narrative frieze on plinth at the corner

NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Probably relates to demons. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla (Officer of King Vishnuvardhana).


VIEW:
Sculpt.: narrative frieze, probably from the Ramayana


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Kali (?), female goddess, destructor


NOTES:
The Hoysalesvara is the most extensive and mature example of the two shrined Hoysala temples. Pervasive powers of the gods contrasted to brute force of demon. Dates: first half of the 12th C., probably 1108-1142. Built by Ketamalla.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: horizontal friezes: narrative (lower), makara (upper)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: panels showing Brahma, Vishnu, Mahesh, and Shiva-Paivati

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Brahma; Shiva; Vishnu

CITATION_1:
Zimmer, Heinrich Robert; The Art of Indian Asia: its Mythology and ransformations; Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1983; Fine Arts; N7301.Z72 1983


VIEW:
Ext.det.: typical Hoysala horizontal friezes


VIEW:
Ext.det.: typical horizontal frieze in bands


VIEW:
Ext.: looking E, from Hemabhai Vakhatchand tuk toward Motisah tuk

NOTES:
Principle temple in Hemabhai Vakhatchand tuk is of Chaumulch type. Dates: 12th - 19th C.

CITATION_1:
Burgess, James; The Temples of Satrunjaya; Calcutta: Jain Bhawan; 1977; MacDougall


VIEW:
Ext.: corner tower of Hemabhai Vakatchand tuk visible


VIEW:
Ext.: from West Southwest, temples with Shatrunjaya river


VIEW:
Ext.: from W, Motisah tuk with Shatrunjaya river

NOTES:
On each side of steps leading to front entrance, two small shrines.  Dates: second quarter of the 19th C., probably 1835-1836. Built by Seth Motisah Michand.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest, Balbhai tuk, with Motisah tuk and Dadaji tunk in background

NOTES:
Balabhai tuk has round towers at corners; chaumukha style temple. Dates: second quarter of the 19th C., probably 1836.


VIEW:
Ext.: from North Balabhai tuk with spines of Dadaji tuk on South summit in background

NOTES:
Balabhai temple is of Chaumukha type, with oblong gambhara.  Dates: second quarter of the 19th C., probably 1836.


NOTES:
Located in the northwest part of the city, this is perhaps the finest example of a Gujrati step-well. Dates: late 15th to early 16th C., probably 1500. Built for Bai Harir Sultani, Superintendent of the Royal Harem.


KEYWORDS:
pradakshinapatha; cells (interior spaces); prakara

NOTES:
Dedicated to Dharmanatha. Located near Delhi gate. Jain Temple, revival of medieval Gujrati architecture. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1848. Built by Hathesingh Shah (Jain Merchant).


KEYWORDS:
tanks (containers); columns (architectural elements); pavilions (garden structures)

NOTES:
Dedicated to Shiva as the "water" linga, known for its historical inscription and gopura. Dates: 10th to 18th C. Built by the Cholas (10th to 13th C.), Hoysalas (13th C.), Pandyan (13th C.), Vijayanagars (15th C.), and Nayaks (17th and 18th C.).


VIEW:
Ext.: three out of five shrines have vimanas

NOTES:
Ruins have an inscription similar to the one at the entrance porch. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1250. Built by Somanatha, high officer under Hoysala king, Narasimha III.


NOTES:
Govindahalli has another temple with sculpture by Mallitamma. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1250. Built by Somanatha, high officer under Hoysala king, Narasimha III.


VIEW:
Ext.: temple side, showing the common ardhamandapa

NOTES:
Somanatha established the village of Somanathapur as an agrahara. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1250. Built by Somanatha, high officer under Hoysala king, Narasimha III.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: entrance to cells through the common ardha-mandapa

NOTES:
Under the Hoysala king Somesvara Somanatha built the Panchalinga. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1250.


TITLE_1:
Happy Tourists in Horse Rickshaw in 1985


TITLE_1:
Eight Important Events From Buddha's Life

NOTES:
Now in the Sarnath Archaeological Museum. Dates: 5th C.

CITATION_1:
Harle, James C.; The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent; New York: Penguin Books; 1986; N7301.H28


TITLE_1:
Events from Buddha's Life: Birth, Enlightenment, Sermon

NOTES:
Sculpture includes view of Buddha's death. Now in the Sarnath Archaeological Museum. Dates: 5th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: tourists viewing remnants of Asoka Pillar

NOTES:
Dates: mid 3rd C. BCE. Built by Asoka (273-232 BCE).


NOTES:
Dates: second half of the 5th C., probably 460-480.

CITATION_1:
Williams, Joanna Gottfried; The Art of Gupta India: empire and province; Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1982; Annex; NA6002.W72


VIEW:
Ext.: tourists at Sarnath ruins; history and legends

NOTES:
Remains show existence of stupas and shrines. Dates: 5th C.


NOTES:
Built of part brick and part stone. Dates: 5th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: lama and pilgrim walking around stupa


VIEW:
Ext.: lighted lamps and worshipping devotees


TITLE_1:
Sasta and his Consorts Purna and Pushkata

NOTES:
Set up at the Brihadishvara Temple. Dates: 11th C.; Early Chola.

CITATION_1:
Dehejia, Vidya; Art of the Imperial Cholas; New York: Columbia University Press; 1990; Fine Arts; NA6007.S6 D32


NOTES:
Enshrines a seated figure of Siddha. (See written notes.)

CITATION_1:
Sangave, Vilas A.; The Sacred Shravanabelagola; New Delhi: Bhartiya Jnanpith; 1981; Kroch Library Asia; BL1325.9.S68 S22 1981


VIEW:
Int.: ceiling painting in forecourt (ardhamandapa)

NOTES:
Ceiling painting was part of the renovation and restoration effort. Dates: early 9th C. Built by Ilan-Gautaman or Madurai Asiriyan, a Jaina teacher.


VIEW:
Ext.: bas relief of seated Tirthankara in a dhyana pose on North wall

NOTES:
Tamil label inscription on a pillar near it reads Tirvasiriyan. Dates: early 9th C. Built by Ilan-Gautaman.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: bas relief of seated Tirthankara in a dhyana pose on North wall


VIEW:
Ext.: rock-cut temple context in the side of the cliff

NOTES:
One of oldest Tamil-Brahmi records of Tamil Nadu is here.

CITATION_1:
Shah, U. P., ed.; Aspects of Jaina Art and Architecture; Ahmedabad: Gujarat State Committee; 1975; Annex; N7302.A41 1973


NOTES:
Dates: early 9th C. Built by Ilan-Gautaman or Madurai Asiriyan, a Jaina teacher.


VIEW:
Int.: bas reliefs of two Tirthankaras and one Acarya/Chakravarti in wall

NOTES:
Dates: second half of the 7th C. Built by Pandya Maran Senda (654-670) and Arikesari Maravarman (670-700).


VIEW:
Ext.: bas-relief of seated Parsvanatha on South wall facing North

NOTES:
A Tamil label-inscription on a pillar near it reads Ulokadittan. Dates: late 7th to early 8th C. Built by Ilan-Gautaman.


VIEW:
Ext.: Sarva Siddhi Vinayaka shrine in the outermost prakara

NOTES:
Hill formation of Arunachala attributed to mythical events. Dates: 10th to 16th C. Built by Hoysala, Vijaymagar & Nayak rulers.


NOTES:
Uniquely sited, small Shiva temple in the Pannaigar river bed.


VIEW:
Ext.: temple on the rock on the river bed


VIEW:
Ext.: elevated view from West showing village surrounding complex

NOTES:
Tiruvanur is of importance since the rise of imperial cholas.


VIEW:
Ext.: elevated view from East, toward Southwest

NOTES:
Shiva manifested as Prithvi, one of five Bhutas, or elements, here. Dates: 9th C.

CITATION_1:
Padmanabhan, S.; Temples of South India; Nagercoil: Kumaran Pathippagam; 1977; Kroch Library Asia; BL1227.S65 P14


VIEW:
Ext.: elevated view from East, toward Northwest

NOTES:
Temple complex originally had simple layout. Dates: 9th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: elevated view from East, toward West

NOTES:
Rough massive surface of pillars were not erected for a mandapa. Dates: 9th C.

CITATION_1:
Ponnusamy, Shanmugasundaram; Sri Thyagaraja Temple, Thiruvarur; Madras: State Dept. of Archaeology, Govt. of Tamilnadu; 1972; Kroch Library Asia; BL1227.T6 T54 1972


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest inside second prakara, towards West gopuram

NOTES:
A series of small shrines added over the years; rebuilt in stone. Dates: 9th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: North gopura of third prakara from Southeast, 17th -18th century

NOTES:
Along with western gopura of second prakara, this dates to the 17th and 18th C. Dates: 9th to 18th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: Kamalalayam tank from the East, with temple of Shri Naganathaswamy

NOTES:
Considered to be the biggest tank in South India. Dates: 9th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: West gopura of second prakara from inside the Sabhapati Mandapam

NOTES:
By retaining a squat appearance, maintains harmony with counterpart. Dates: 9th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: free standing octagonally chamferred columns

NOTES:
Probably built for putting up pandals during festivals.


VIEW:
Ext.: small, unmapped shrines in front of the Nilothpalambal shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: view towards Kamalambal shrine, in the third prakara


VIEW:
Ext.det.: junction of Vanmikanatha shrine with common mukhamandapa

NOTES:
Common mukhamandapa has variety of pillars due to raising of ceiling. Dates: 9th C. Built by Aditya Chola I.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: small passage linking Vanmikanatha to Tyagaraja shrine


NOTES:
Lingodbhavar images shows Shiva emerging from linga, Brahma and Vishnu. Built by Aditya Chola I.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Vishnu image on side wall of hallway leading to sanctum

NOTES:
Dates: 9th C. Built by Vijayalaya Chola, founder of Chola dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: looking down hallway to sanctum, showing Vishnu images

NOTES:
Twelve figures perhaps represent the twelve names of Vishnu. Dates: 9th C. Built by Vijayalaya Chola, founder of Chola dynasty.

CITATION_1:
Pattabiramin, P. Z.;  Sanctuaires Rupestres de l'Inde du Sud;  Pondichéry: Institut Français d'indologie; 1975; Fine Arts; NA6007.S6 P31 v.2


VIEW:
Ext.: shikaro, greeva and vimana of the main shrine

NOTES:
Vimana should have been modelled on style of Pallava monuments. Dates: second half of the 9th C. Built by Vijayalaya Chola, founder of Chola dynasty.


NOTES:
All early Chola temples have only one Prakara enclosed by madil. Dates: second half of the 9th C. Built by Vijayalaya Chola, founder of Chola dynasty.


CREATOR:
Sattan Paliyili & Paliyili Siriya Nangai

NOTES:
Rock cut temple dedicated to Shiva, excavated under Nrpatunga. Dates: second half of the 9th C. Built by Nrpatunga.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: molded basement showing yali frieze

NOTES:
In Pallava and Chola days, Narttamalai was politically and culturally significant. Dates: second half of the 9th C. Built by Pallava King Nrpatunga.


NOTES:
In Pallava and Chola days, Narttamalai was politically and culturally significant. Dates: second half of the 9th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: shrine in the neighborhood of the Laxmana Temple

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); religious (people); offerings

NOTES:
Five shrined (Pancayatana) Vishnu temple, exquisite example of Nagara style temple. Dates: early to mid 10th C.


KEYWORDS:
gopuras; prakara; cells (interior spaces); śikharas

NOTES:
Located on a hill outside city, oldest temple in the city. Next to the temple is the largest sculpture of Nandi in India, carved from a single boulder (ca. 1659-1672). Dates: 12th C.; 15th & 16th C (expanded). Built by 15th & 16th C. Wodeyar princes.


VIEW:
Street with shops before the Jagannath temple

CITATION_2:
Hurlimann, Martin; India: the landscape, the monuments and the people; Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala Sons; 1932; Kroch Library Asia; DS413.H87 1932++


VIEW:
Ext.: broad street adjoining temple with Gopuram

NOTES:
Located among the Tirumala hills adjacent to town of Tirupati.


TITLE_1:
Map of South India Showing Tourist Spots


KEYWORDS:
koil; temples; sculpture (visual work); Perumal


VIEW:
Ext.det.: tower over the central shrine of temple at Sembiyanmadevi

CITATION_1:
Pillai, Suresh B.; Introduction to the Study of Temple Art; Thanjavur: Equator and Meridian; 1976; Fine Arts; NA6007.T35 P66


NOTES:
These pilgrims just completed their ritual bath in the ocean.


NOTES:
Nayaka period in Tamil Nadu witnessed addition of mandapas. Built by Nayaks.


TITLE_1:
Great Lake from Mountains of the Sacred Birds


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast, total temple complex

NOTES:
The temple is sacred to Vishnu, and its iconographic scheme focuses on various manifestations of Vishnu. It follows a five-shrine (pañcāyatana) scheme. Dates: late 5th C. Built by King Buddhagupta (possibly) (reign 477-495).


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest, entrance to the shrine


VIEW:
Ext.det.: panel on S side showing VishnuAnantasayana


VIEW:
Ext.: South facade with Vishnu Anatasayi panel


VIEW:
Persp.: isometric projection; conjectural restoration from Northwest


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast, Stupa 6, Temple 18, Temple 17, Stupa 1

CITATION_1:
Mitra, Debala; Sanchi; New Delhi: Director General of Archaeology in India; 1965; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.S2 M68 1965


VIEW:
Ext.: from West, Stupa 3, Stupa 1, West gateway

KEYWORDS:
toranas; boundary walls; harmika; chhatri

NOTES:
Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.

CITATION_1:
Spink, Walter M.; Sanchi; New York: University of the State of New York, Foreign Area Materials Center; 1968; Fine Arts; NB1008.S3 S75


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest; north gateway, west gateway


VIEW:
Ext.: from South Southeast; Temple 18, Stupa 1 in background

NOTES:
Structural chaitya hall; similar to chaitya hall (Cave 10) at Ellora. Dates: late 6th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; Temple 17, with Temple 18 in the background

KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); temples; façades; plinths

NOTES:
Great interest as a formative monument from flat roofs to spires. Dates: mid 5th C. Probably built by some officer of Chardra Gupta II.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; Temple 17 and Temple 18


KEYWORDS:
Dharmachakra; yaksha; triratna; Dharma; Sangha

NOTES:
N gateway is best preserved of the 4. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka & subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.: from South, South gateway with Ashokan pillar to right

KEYWORDS:
Ashokan Pillar; toranas; boundary walls; harmika


VIEW:
Ext.det.: torana lintel detail. Temple 18 in background.

NOTES:
Lintels reversed during reconstruction. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of the Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: bottom lintel of South gateway, siege of Kushinagara


VIEW:
Ext.det.: middle lintel of South gateway, Chhaddanta Jataka


VIEW:
Ext.det.: inner face of South gateway, East side


VIEW:
Ext.det.: inner face of South gateway, West side, false capital


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; E astgateway, North gateway in the background

KEYWORDS:
triratna; symbols; toranas; elephants; guardians


KEYWORDS:
gates; columns (architectural elements); guardians; elephants;


VIEW:
Sculpt.: North side of East gateway, elephant capital

KEYWORDS:
elephants; capitals (column components); post-and-beam structures


NOTES:
Retains only original lion base. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


NOTES:
Sited in the hill-top plateau's south area. Dates: early 7th C.


NOTES:
Excavation revealed relics of later Buddhist teachers. The railing of Stupa 2 is noteworthy for medallions in low relief depicting demi-gods, mythic creatures, flowers and animals. Dates: second quarter of the 2nd C. BCE.

CITATION_2:
Mitra, Debala; Sanchi; New Delhi: Director General of Archaeology in India; 1965; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.S2 M68 1965


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast; East entrance, North entrance


VIEW:
Ext.det.: inside South entrance looking Southwest


KEYWORDS:
medallions (ornament areas) ; nature; mythical; motifs


KEYWORDS:
balustrades; entrances; cubicles; medallions (ornament areas); motifs


KEYWORDS:
gates; balustrades; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.: East gateway from Southeast, North gateway and stupa in background

KEYWORDS:
toranas; sculpture (visual work); Dharmachakra; nature; motifs; mythical; reliefs


VIEW:
Ext.det.: South pillar of W gateway from S


VIEW:
Sculpt.: South pillar of West gateway from South


TITLE_1:
View from the East-Southeast of Temple 18, Stupa 1, and Temple 40

NOTES:
Buddhist site, three well-preserved stupas and fifty-one other monuments. Dates: 3rd C. BCE to 13th C. CE. Built from Maurya to Gupta dynasties.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest, Temple 45, Temple 43, Temple 18 foundation and masonry

KEYWORDS:
temples; foundations (structural elements); masonry


VIEW:
Ext.: from North, Temple 45 (foreground), Temple 43 (background) foundation


VIEW:
Ext.: from East, Building 43, Temple and Monastery 45, Monastery 47

CITATION_1:
Marshall, John Hubert, Sir; The Monuments of Sanchi; London: Probsthain; 1940; Olin; DS486.S2 M361+++


VIEW:
Ext.: from South Southeast, Monastery 47, Monastery 46


NOTES:
When excavated, Stupa 3 yielded the relics of the monks Sariputasa and Mahamogalanasa, contemporaries of the Buddha. Dates: first half of the 2nd C. BCE.


KEYWORDS:
Ashokan lion capital; Dharmachakra; balustrades


KEYWORDS:
Ashokan lion capital; Dharmachakra; balustrades; entrances; cubicles


VIEW:
Ext.det.: inner face of North gateway from Southeast


VIEW:
Ext.: inner face of West gateway, showing ground level to balustrade

NOTES:
Balustrade added later.Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.: West gateway from inside lower ambulatory from East

NOTES:
Path paved with stone votive records. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.

CITATION_2:
Spink, Walter M.; Sanchi; New York: University of the State of New York, Foreign Area Materials Center; 1968; Fine Arts; NB1008.S3 S75


VIEW:
Ext.: North gateway from inside lower ambulatory path


VIEW:
Ext.det.: South gateway front facade, lower lintel

NOTES:
Fanciful version of the Tree of Life. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: South gateway front facade, middle lintel. Shows visit of King Shoka to the stupa at Ramagrama


VIEW:
Ext.det.: inner face of North gateway, central lintel and figures

KEYWORDS:
toranas; lintels; mythical; reliefs; riders

NOTES:
Riders face cardinal directions. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: inner face of West gateway, South end

NOTES:
Depiction of the first preaching. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


KEYWORDS:
capitals (column components); winged lions

NOTES:
False capital with mythical beasts. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: front face of West pillar, South gateway

NOTES:
Top panel depicting 3rd great miracle. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka & subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: North gateway from inside lower ambulatory path with a monk


VIEW:
Sculpt.: East gateway, Sputh pillar, North face, lower end

NOTES:
Jaktaka relief depicting scenes from life of Buddha, Buddhas of the future, sacred Buddhist place and auspicious symbols. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: East gateway, South pillar, North face, upper end


VIEW:
Sculpt.: East gateway, South face of North pillar, lower end


VIEW:
Sculpt.: East gateway, South face of North pillar, upper end


VIEW:
Sculpt.: South gateway, inner face of West pillar


VIEW:
Sculpt.: East gateway, North pillar, from inside the ground balustrade


KEYWORDS:
temples; cells (interior spaces); sculpture (visual work); Buddha

NOTES:
Built in the final phase of construction at Sanchi. Surviving fragments indicate a northern style superstructure. Contains massive Buddha image in sanctum. Dates: early 11th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest, sanctum's South side with Buddha in corridor


VIEW:
Ext.: Temple 18, Stupa 1, Stupa 6 at sunrise


TITLE_1:
View from the edge of Temple 40 towards the Southwest


VIEW:
Ext.: North gateway to Great Stupa with West gateway to the right


VIEW:
Ext.det.: capital depicting birth of Buddha

KEYWORDS:
capitals (column components); reliefs; toranas

NOTES:
False capital depicts birth of Buddha. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka & subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


KEYWORDS:
elephants; capitals (column components); toranas


VIEW:
Sculpt.: West pillar of South gateway; mythic motifs


VIEW:
Sculpt.: topmost lintel of South gateway, rear face

NOTES:
Lintels reversed during reconstruction. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka & subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: rear face of lower false capital, West side pillar of South gate

NOTES:
Capital depicts gift of mango grove. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka and subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: rear face of lower false capital, East pillar of South gateway

NOTES:
Capital depicts Bodhi-tree of Maitreya. Initially a brick structure housing the bodily remains of the Buddha. Later expanded to its present size and cased in masonry. Dates: mid 3rd to mid 1st C. BCE. Built by Ashoka & subsequent kings of Mauryan dynasty.


TITLE_1:
Plan of the Hill of Sanchi and Its Environs


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 24th cave. Built when Vakataka patronage was declining. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 19th cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE., probably last quarter of the 5th C.

CITATION_1:
Fergusson, James; History of Indian and Eastern Architecture; Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal; 1967; Kroch Library Asia; NA1460.F35 1967


NOTES:
MN+ interior, most impressive sculpture in pradaksinapatha. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE., probably last quarter of the 5th C.


VIEW:
Fresco: King Ugrasena's court, enjoying snake-charmer's tricks

CITATION_1:
Ghosh, Amalananda, ed.; Ajanta Murals: an Album of Eighty-five Reproductions in Colour; New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India; 1967; Fine Arts; ND2827.G42


VIEW:
Fresco: scene from Kshantivadin Jataka tale

CITATION_1:
Gupte, Ramesh Shankar; Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves; Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala; 1962; Fine Arts; N7308.A4 G97


NOTES:
MN+ fresco shows renunciation of Nanda, half-brother of Buddha. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE., probably early 5th C.

CITATION_1:
Singh, Madanjeet; Ajanta; New York: Macmillan; 1965; Fine Arts; ND2827.S61 A3


VIEW:
Fresco: part of panel of the Bodhisattva Padmapani


NOTES:
MN+ painting of a scene from Sibi Jataka. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE.


VIEW:
Fresco: scene relating to birth of Buddha


VIEW:
Fresco: part of story of Mahajanaka-Jataka


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 2nd cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE., probably 5th C. CE.


CITATION_1:
Frederic, Louis, Indian Temples and Sculpture; London: Thames and Hudson; 1959; Kroch Library Asia; NA6001 L88 1960++


VIEW:
Sculpt.: pilaster detail along right hand corridor


VIEW:
Fresco: scene from Vidhurapanditia Jataka

CITATION_2:
Gupte, Ramesh Shankar; Ajanta, Ellora and Aurangabad Caves; Bombay: D. B. Taraporevala; 1962; Fine Arts; N7308.A4 G97


VIEW:
Fresco: upper portion, earlier part of Vidhurapandita-Jataka

NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 2nd cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE., probably last quarter of the 5th C.


NOTES:
There are 30 Buddhist caves carved into a semi-circular scarp at Ajanta, primarily famous for their frescoes; this is the 1st cave. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE., probably last quarter of the 5th C.


KEYWORDS:
cave temples; temples; Brahmanism; plans (drawings)

NOTES:
Brahmanic Cave. Considered to be the culmination of rock-cut temple architecture. Contains the extraordinarily powerful relief of Ravana shaking Mt. Kailasa. Dates: 7th to 8th C., probably late 8th C. Built by Krishna and Dantidurga (reign ca. 730-754).


VIEW:
Ext.: subsidary cave along western entrance

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; sculpture (visual work); shrines (structures)

NOTES:
Group of cave temples dedicated to Shiva. Especially known for triple bust of Shiva as Vamadeva Tatpurusha and Aghora. Dates: mid 8th to 10th C. Built by the Rashtrakuta dynasty (reign 757-973).


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; Parvati; sculpture (visual work); panels (surface components)


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; sculpture (visual work); panels (surface components)


KEYWORDS:
dvarapala; entrances; columns (architectural elements); devis


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); columns (architectural elements); ganas


KEYWORDS:
Ravana; Shiva; Parvati; sculpture (visual work); panels (surface components)


KEYWORDS:
Shiva; Nataraja; sculpture (visual work); panels (surface components); columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Ganesha (left) and panel showing emaciated Kala

KEYWORDS:
Ganesha; Kala; panels (surface components)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Shiva as Dakshinamurti (supreme teacher)

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Shiva; panels (surface components)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: probably seven goddesses (saptamatrkas)

KEYWORDS:
goddesses; saptamatrka; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


NOTES:
Buddhist caves. Dates: late 3rd to mid 6th C. Built by Vakataka dynasty kings.


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
doors; entrances; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


VIEW:
Ext.: temple with apsidal shrine in foreground

NOTES:
Located on Khandagiri Hill, Jain Temple dedicated to Rishabnatha. Based on Orissan Temple architecture with jagamohana and deul. Dates: early 19th C. Built by Manji Chowdhury and his nephew Bhavani Dadu of Cuttack.


KEYWORDS:
cells (interior spaces); friezes; dvarapala


KEYWORDS:
entrances; sculpture (visual work); lions; dvarapala


KEYWORDS:
brackets (structural elements); columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
cells (interior spaces); entrances; friezes


NOTES:
Double storied cave, the lower one called Manchapuri and upper one called Svargapuri. Like Cave 1, the top story does not rest directly on the lower one. Known for its elaborate pedestal. Dates: 1st C. BCE. Built by Kudepasiri (probably).


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); sculpture (visual work); entrances

NOTES:
Derives its name from the figure of Ganesha carved on the back of its right cell. Has two free-standing elephant structures holding mango tree over a lotus at the entrance. Dates: 1st C. BCE.


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); sculpture (visual work); entrances; hermits


KEYWORDS:
entrances; columns (architectural elements); brackets (structural elements)

NOTES:
Named on account of the figures of twin serpents on the door arches, it is one of the most important caves on the Khandagiri hill owning to its reliefs. Dates: 1st C. BCE.


NOTES:
Named after the two twelve-armed figures of sasana-devis carved on the side walls. There are twenty-five images of Jain tirthankaras on the walls. Beneath them are their respective sasana-devis. Dates: 1st C. BCE.


KEYWORDS:
Tirthankaras; reliefs; sasana-devis; utensils; priests


KEYWORDS:
foundations (structural elements); shrines (structures)


KEYWORDS:
cells (interior spaces); columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
cells (interior spaces); columns (architectural elements); stairs


KEYWORDS:
friezes; columns (architectural elements); entrances


KEYWORDS:
entrances; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


KEYWORDS:
entrances; friezes; dvarapala; cells (interior spaces)


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); columns (architectural elements); cells (interior spaces); people


VIEW:
Ext.det.: frieze on wall of the upper story


KEYWORDS:
cells (interior spaces); entrances; columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
friezes; columns (architectural elements); brackets (structural elements)


KEYWORDS:
entrances; stairs; columns (architectural elements)


NOTES:
One of the earliest groups of Jain rock-cut caves. Located in Orissa, they command a unique place in the field of history, art, religion and architecture. Dates: 1st C. BCE. Built by Kharavela and Kudepagiri.


KEYWORDS:
entrances; cells (interior spaces); columns (architectural elements)


KEYWORDS:
entrances; cells (interior spaces); columns (architectural elements); dvarapala


NOTES:
Probably dedicated to Parvati or an incarnation of hers.


KEYWORDS:
deul; gates; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Int.: mulaprasada, with the goddess Chamunda


VIEW:
Sculpt.: twelve-armed Nataraja (dancing Shiva)


KEYWORDS:
Car Festival; Gundicha Yatra; ratha yatra; people


NOTES:
The three presiding deities (Jagannatha, Balabhadra and Subhadra) travel in their chariots (Nandighosh, Taladhwaja and Darpadaran) from the temple to the garden house, they return after 5 days. Photographed around 1978


VIEW:
Sculpt.: the god Shiva as Andhankantaka, killing a demon


KEYWORDS:
śikharas; mandapas; temples; complexes; ancillary shrines (structures); pradakshinapatha


VIEW:
Ext.: from Kandariya Mahadeo temple in the west


VIEW:
Ext.det.: column showing drapery motif, capital and part of ceiling

KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); capitals (column components); ceilings


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Soma Sundari beautifying herself


KEYWORDS:
interiors; panels (surface components); mithuna


KEYWORDS:
sanctums; mandapas; toranas; gardens; śikharas


KEYWORDS:
Somasundari; celestial beauties; devas; apsara


VIEW:
Int.: niches with sculptures of the goddess Kathyayini, arranged in circular formation around the Devi Mandapa


NOTES:
Temple from the Shakta genre dedicated to the female principle; circular and open to the sky with 64 Yogini statues. Dates: early 10th C. Built by Bhauma-Kara dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.: from North; the South wall of the Mardana court which separates it from the Zenana

KEYWORDS:
Rajput; garhpalaces; zenana; harems; gardens


WORK_TYPE:
temple; plan (drawing); elevation (drawing)


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); Naga; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Ext.det.: jangha and pabhaga in mulaprasada


VIEW:
Ext.: West gate of the Temple compound; temple in background


VIEW:
Ext.: from East, entrance of temple with enclosing shrine cells around it

KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); spires; gambhara

NOTES:
This tuk takes its name from the principle temple. Dates: late 18th C., probably 1786. Built by Modi Premchand of Ahmedatad.


VIEW:
Ext.: Akanda-dvara with roofed plinths on either side, leading to steps

NOTES:
Doorway with Gajalakshmi group carved on architrave in low relief. Dates: late 10th to the first half of the 12th C., probably 981-1130. Built by Chamunda Raya, minister and general to Marasimha, Rajamala IV.


VIEW:
Ext.: temple in context with a neighboring shrine

NOTES:
Lotuses stacked; a trisula and a chakra. Dates: 19th C. Built by Sarkar Srinivash.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: colossal image of Gommatesvara, facing North

NOTES:
Image carved out of rock that stood on top of Vindhyagiri hill. Dates: late 10th C., probably 981. Built by Chamunda-Raya.


VIEW:
Int.: Dwarabalaga at the side of entrance to the Swamy temple

NOTES:
Dwarabalaga is a guardian; this one is twelve feet high. Dates: 12th C. Built by Kulasekara Pandyan.


PUB_SOURCE_TITLE:
The Sacred Shravanabelagola: a socio-religious...


VIEW:
Ext.: Vindhyagiri hill with colossal statue of Gommatesvara

NOTES:
Entire area of hill is divided in two parts by a heavy wall, ca. 1117. Dates: 8th to 19th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest, temple complex on Vindhyagiri with Chennanng's pond


VIEW:
Ext.: steps leading up to the outer court around Gommatesvara


VIEW:
Ext.: looking down steps toward first landing from Akhanda-bagilu


VIEW:
Ext.: from South Southeast; temple and two stupas


TITLE_1:
View from the South-Southeast of Temple 18 and Stupa 1


CITATION_2:
Marshall, John Hubert, Sir; The Monuments of Sanchi; London: Probsthain; 1940; Olin; DS486.S2 M361+++


NOTES:
Situated west of Stupa 1. Dates: first half of the 5th C.


KEYWORDS:
plinths; columns (architectural elements); bases

NOTES:
The superstructure was probably built of wood. Later a ceremonial hall. Dates: 3rd C. BCE to 11th C. CE.


KEYWORDS:
stupas; harmika; toranas; chhatri; balustrades


TITLE_1:
View from the South-Southeast  of Temple 40, Temple 18, and Stupa 1

KEYWORDS:
temples; stupas; columns (architectural elements); toranas; harmika; chhatri; vedika


VIEW:
Ext.: from the South Southeast from the edge of Temple 40, Temple 18, Stupa 1


VIEW:
Ext.: tuk of Modi Premchand Lalaji against West extremity of ridge

NOTES:
Tuk of M. P. Lalaji contains three principle temples. (See notes.) Dates: 12th - 19th C.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: image of Vinadhara-Dakshinamurti on South face of South shrine


NOTES:
Extensive measurement notes on written record. Dates: 19th C. Built by Sarkar Srinivash.


VIEW:
Int.det.: panels with scenes from secular and rural life


NOTES:
Columns are richly decorated; This is a single-shikhara (ekaratna) temple. The façade is covered with terracotta panels illustrating epic stories and scenes of Krishna at play (lila). Dates: late 17th C., probably 1694.


VIEW:
Ext.: view of images carved in stone relief standing by a chorten


NOTES:
Is hardly bigger than a normal pancha-ratna temple, 25 towers. Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1845.


NOTES:
Marks the place of Buddha's enlightenment. The temple (renovated in the 19th C.) follows the 6th C. temple closely. Dates: mid 3rd C. BCE to late 19th C.: 273-232 BCE, 575 to 600 CE and 1875-1895 CE (present structure). Built by Asoka (reign 273-232 BCE).


VIEW:
Ext.: monk walking between temple and stone railing

NOTES:
Elements of the balustrade are from the 3rd C. BCE temple. Dates: mid 3rd C. BCE to late 19th C.: 273-232 BCE, 575 to 600 CE and 1875-1895 CE (present structure). Built by Asoka (reign 273-232 BCE).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Vishnu image, one of five on each side of sanctum doorway

NOTES:
Originally a Jaina cave of 7th C., one of two rock-cut cave temples. Dates: 9th C. Built by Vijayalaya Chola, founder of Chola dynasty.


VIEW:
Ext.: subsidary caves along the western entrance

KEYWORDS:
cave temples; people; sculpture (visual work) (visual works)


NOTES:
Probably Radha-Kunda. Dates: 1st C. BCE to 1st C. CE.


NOTES:
Two-celled monastery with a benched verandah in front continues from Cave 4. The frieze between the arches depicts a sacred pipal tree being worshipped by a couple on its side. Dates: 1st C. BCE.


KEYWORDS:
cells (interior spaces); columns (architectural elements); entrances


VIEW:
Ext.: upper pavilion and garden with fountain


VIEW:
Ext.: Tyagaad Brahmadeva Pillar on axis to ent. steps to enclosure

NOTES:
Located outside immediate enclosure of Gommatesvara. Dates: late 10th C., probably 981-990. Built by Chamunda Raya, minister and general to Marasimha, Rajamala IV.


VIEW:
Ext.: looking South, Balabhai tuk in valley with Motisah tuk to the left

NOTES:
Main temple is Balabhai temple, of the chaumukha plan. Dates: second quarter of the 19th C., probably 1836. Built by Sa kalyanji Kahanji of Bombay.


KEYWORDS:
gardens; terraces (landscaped-site elements); paths; parapets


VIEW:
Ext.: from South, entrance to Motisah tuk and Chaumulch temple

KEYWORDS:
Chaumukha; gambhara; marble (rock); Svetambara

NOTES:
Over entry gate is image of Pundarikji Ganadhara. Dates: 12th - 19th C. Built by Caulakyas.


VIEW:
Ext.: looking South to Motisah tuk in valley with Dadaji tuk in background

NOTES:
Motisah tuk contains fifteen major temples and contiguous row of shrines. Dates: second quarter of the 19th C., probably 1835-1836. Built by Seth Motisah Michand.


KEYWORDS:
dancers; drums; brackets (structural elements); madanika


VIEW:
Ext.: Chandragiri Hill with Kalyani tank in the foreground

NOTES:
Monuments here can be divided into temple sector and open sector. Dates: 8th to 19th C.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: goddess Lakshmi giving away Parvati to Shiva with Lord Vishnu

NOTES:
From the Tiruvenkadu Temple. Chola bronze. Dates: early 11th C.; possibly reign of Rajaraja I Chola.


VIEW:
Ext.: general view of monastery looking East


VIEW:
Ext.: view from South summit toward North summit with the Kharataravasi tuk


TITLE_1:
Street Vendor Selling Curd in Earthen Pots in 1985


VIEW:
Ext.: from South Southeast toward rear of Kamalambal shrine in third prakara

NOTES:
Assignable to the 16th C., Kamalambal shrine is a temple complex. Dates: 9th to 16th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: looking North Northeast from Dadaji tuk, Balabhai tuk and Nava tuk

NOTES:
Only Jaina temple of the Digambar sect located on Dadaji tuk.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: Vimana of Vanmikanatha shrine from Southwest

NOTES:
Early Chola style; Vanmikanatha forms the nucleus of complex. Dates: 9th C. Built by Aditya Chola I.


VIEW:
Ext.: from West Northwest, showing subshrines encircling central and South shrines

NOTES:
Kodumbalur-city of renown liking Uraiyur (ancient Chola capitol). Dates: mid 10th C. Built by Sundara Chola (Parantaka II Madurantaka). Early Chola.


NOTES:
This is a structural stone temple. (See notes.) Dates: second half of the 9th C. Built by Vijayalaya Chola, founder of Chola dynasty. Early Chola.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: niche devakoshta with ardanarsvarar on East wall, central shrine

NOTES:
A distinctive feature is the real niche of some depth; see notes. Dates: mid 10th C. Built by Sundara Chola (Parantaka II Madurantaka). Early Chola.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Shiva begging with a bowl, nude with snake around his waist


NOTES:
Dates: mid 8th C. Built by Nandivarman Pallavamalla.


VIEW:
Persp.dwg.: stone drawing by T. C. Dibdin of entrance to cave

NOTES:
These drawings from sketches made on the spot by Fergusson, 1838-1839. Dates: 2nd C. BCE - 8th C. CE. Built by Harishena.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: central panel over doorway depicting five shrines

NOTES:
Above central arch, lotuses and small temples shown. Dates: 19th C. Built by Sarkar Srinivash.


NOTES:
Three story gompa dedicated to a triad of Bidhisattvas. Known for its life-size clay sculptures and painting. Dates: 11th -12th C.


NOTES:
Facade recently renovated; inside, throne reserved for Dalai Lama. Dates: 5th C., 11th C. monastery.


VIEW:
Ext.: Brahmadeva pillar with pavilion enshrining figure of Brahmadeva

NOTES:
Dates: late 10th C., before 990. Built by Chamunda-Raya.


VIEW:
Ext.: from South looking towards entrance of Stupa 1


VIEW:
Ext.: with Serpent Cave in the background


NOTES:
Located in village Govindahalli, NE of Somanathapur enshrines linga. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1250. Early Hoysala. Built by Somanatha, high officer under Hoysala king, Narasimha III.

CITATION_1:
Narashimhachar, Ramanujapuram; The Kesava Temple at Somanathapur;  Mysore: Govt. of Karnataka, Directorate of Archaeology & Museums in Karnataka; 1977; Fine Arts; NA6008.S64 N23 1977


NOTES:
Triple-celled temple, each cell with an adytum and vestibule. Dates: mid 13th C., probably 1268. Built by Soma or Somanatha, a high officer under Narasimha III. Early Hoysala


NOTES:
Built for the advent of the Pallayas; renovated in early 9th C. Dates: second half of the 7th C. Built by Pandya Maran Senda (654-670) and Arikesari Maravarman (670-700).


VIEW:
Ext.: West façade of Sundara Pandyan gopura, outermost gopura on East side

NOTES:
Dedicated to Shiva as the "water" linga, known for its historical inscription and gopura. Dates: 10th to 18th C. Compound wall and gopura was built by Sundara Pandyan, 1219-1278. Known as Tiruncetru Sundara Pandyan.


KEYWORDS:
prakara; pavilions (garden structures); columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Ext.: temple entrance from a public square


VIEW:
Ext.: pavilioned shrine adjacent to Kalighat Mandir with cactus-like shrub


VIEW:
Ext.: vendor selling red flowers for Goddess Kali


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to Kalighat Mandir with public square


VIEW:
Int.: adorned goddess Durga killing buffalo demon

NOTES:
Dates: mid 19th C., probably 1850 (according to inscription in image).


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southeast; Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna and Draupadi Rathas


VIEW:
Ext.: Subrahmanyam temple with mandapa of Murti Amman


NOTES:
Typical example of later Vijaynagara style. Dates: 17th C. Built by Nayaks.


VIEW:
Ext.: four structured complex from outside the enclosure


VIEW:
Ext.: ambulatory passage with yali pillars on the right

CITATION_1:
Meena, V.; Temples of South India; Kanyakumari: Hari Kumari Arts; 1976; Fine Arts; NA6007.S6 M51

CITATION_2:
Harle, James C.; Temple Gateways in South India; New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers; 1995; Fine Arts Library; NA6008.C56 H28 1995


VIEW:
Ext.: Northwest view of temple and reservoir


VIEW:
Ext.: Southwest view of temple and reservoir


VIEW:
Ext.: Northwest  view of temple and reservoir with surrounding wall


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Shiva's dance of triumph after slaying elephant-demon

NOTES:
From the Rajarajesvara temple at Darasuram. Dates: early 11th C.; possibly reign of Rajaraja I Chola.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Shiva as the Enchanting Mendicant with enamored maidens


NOTES:
See written record for extensive notes. Dates: early 7th C., probably 619.


NOTES:
Central panel shows "Bansuri Sisha", Radha and Krishna play flutes. The façade is covered with terracotta panels illustrating epic stories and scenes of Krishna at play (lila). Dates: late 17th C., probably 1694.


VIEW:
Ext.det.: relief of Surya (Sun-God) on facade of platform


NOTES:
Chandragiri is derived from Emp. Chandragupta Maurya who stayed here. Dates: 8th to 19th C.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Southwest, Adisvara Bhagavan w/corner of Samet Sikhar on right

NOTES:
Located at end of S summit, shrine is basically of chaumukha type. Dates: mid 10th C., before 961. Built by Javada Sah.


NOTES:
Polished sandstone; Iranian influence seen; now in Sarnath Archaeological Museum. Dates: mid 3rd C. BCE. Built by Asoka (273-232 BCE).


VIEW:
Ext.: elevated view from East; first two prakaras seen in full, third in part

KEYWORDS:
Sapta-Vitanka temples; Vidi-Vitankar temples; prakara

NOTES:
Believed to be a city eternal, one of five secondary capitals. Dates: 9th C.


NOTES:
Pennaiyar river separates this temple from the Kilur Temple.


VIEW:
Close up of vegetable vendor weighing vegetables


VIEW:
Travelling on a shikara through Dal Lake


NOTES:
Locals tend to floating vegetable beds that are shielded with weeds. Natural lake is 6.4 km long and 4 km wide, and is divided into four man-made causeways: Gangribal, Lokut Dal, Bod Dal, and Nagin.


VIEW:
Sculpt.: single panel showing crouching figure looking out window

NOTES:
Wall surface around the entrance has rows of panels carved on it. Dates: third quarter of the 19th C., probably 1867-1874.


NOTES:
Panel figures are crouching over windows; central panel with European face. Dates: third quarter of the 19th C., probably 1867-1874.


NOTES:
Name derivation: shivalinga known as Kapaleshvara. See written note.

CITATION_1:
Pet, Paul C.; Rail Across India: A Photographic Journey; New York: Abbeville Press; 1985; Kroch Library Asia; DS414.2.P47 1986++

CITATION_2:
Padmanabhan, S.; Temples of South India; Nagercoil: Kumaran Pathippagam; 1977; Kroch Library Asia; BL1227.S65 P14


NOTES:
Initially built when Nalanda was established, it was modified six times. It has four towers and its walls had stucco images. Dates: early 5th C. Built by the Gupta kings (ca. 275-550).


VIEW:
Ext.det.: relief on facade of platform of main sanctuary


VIEW:
Ext.det.: damaged relief on facade of platform of main sanctuary


KEYWORDS:
mulaprasada; temples; tanks (containers); reservoirs (water distribution structures)


KEYWORDS:
temples; tanks (containers); reservoirs (water distribution structures); gates


VIEW:
Ext.det.: pots at base of North side of prakara


NOTES:
Chunar sandstone; among the masterpieces of India art. Now in the Sarnath Archaeological Museum. Dates: 5th C.


KEYWORDS:
columns (architectural elements); capitals (column components)


VIEW:
Int.: verse 6 from "Aria" painted behind altar

NOTES:
Written in German by Rev. E. Gruendler for dedication of church. Dates: early 18th C., probably 1718.


VIEW:
Ext.: ballala gopura with Ganesha shrine in foreground

NOTES:
Arunnachala is one of the oldest and most sacred of holy places. Dates: 10th to 16th C. Built by Hoysala, Vijaymagar & Nayak rulers.

CITATION_2:
Meena, V.; Temples of South India; Kanyakumari: Hari Kumari Arts; 1976; Fine Arts; NA6007.S6 M51


VIEW:
Ext.: colonnaded peristyle of cells (from enclosed courtyard)

KEYWORDS:
colonnades; peristyles (colonnades); cells (interior spaces); courtyards


NOTES:
Among the most important temples dedicated to Vishnu. The gopura is 11 stories and 44 meters high. Dates: early to mid 12th C., 1121 onward. Built by a Chola Ruler (possibly Vikrama Chola).


VIEW:
Int.: wall painting of Mandala of Vajrasattva

NOTES:
Painting in Shey Monastery. Two three-pronged vajras crossed to represent the twelve divisions of heaven. Dates: third quarter of the 17th C., painting possibly early 18th C.

CITATION_1:
Gyatsho, Thubten Legshay; Gateway to the Temple; Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar; 1979; Kroch Library Asia; BQ7604.T53 1979


VIEW:
Int.: wall painting of mandala of Cakvasamvara

NOTES:
Painting in Shey Monastery. Here the palace has four doors and is encircled by a lotus ring. Dates: third quarter of the 17th C., painting possibly early 18th C.


KEYWORDS:
Vasantha Kulam; Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi

NOTES:
Construction started by Krishna Deva Raye, completed by Naick. Dates: 10th to 16th C. Built by Hoysala, Vijaymagar & Nayak rulers.


PUB_SOURCE_TITLE:
Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I


PUB_SOURCE_TITLE:
Bhagavan Sri Ramana: a pictorial biography


VIEW:
Ext.: Anantasaras tank viewed from along pillared Kalyana Vandapa

NOTES:
Sacred tank lies in the NE sector of the fourth prakara. Dates: mid 11th to 14th C. Extensive building by Kulottunga Chola I and his son Vikrana Chola.


VIEW:
Int.: Nani Mandapam in Kambathadi Mandapam


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest, square opposite Adisvara Bhagavan temple

NOTES:
Principle image in this temple is of Adinatha. Dates: early 17th C., probably 1620. Built by Sah Champsi Mansingh of Ahmedebad.


VIEW:
Ext.: general view from eastern part of complex


VIEW:
Ext.: view in monastery complex, looking West


KEYWORDS:
pavilions (garden structures); channels (water body components); gardens


VIEW:
Ext.: garden with mountains and Dal Lake in the background

KEYWORDS:
gardens; paths; channels (water body components); lakes; mountains


KEYWORDS:
temples; paths; lawns (landscaped grass); stairs


VIEW:
Ext.: from the N, Naya Khanqah in the background


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); arches; screens (furniture)


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); chhatri; parapets


KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); chhatri; parapets; Panch Mahal


CREATOR:
Baij Nātha Miśra (State engineer under Chet Singh)

KEYWORDS:
turrets (towers); parapets; loggias; chhatri; River Ganges; stairs; palaces

NOTES:
Palace built of red sandstone; Dates: mid 18th century; built by Chet Singh; site of battle with Warren Hastings.

CITATION_1:
Rana P. B. Singh (ed); Banaras, Cosmic Order, Sacred City, Hindu Traditions; Tara Book Agency, Varanasi, 1993


VIEW:
Ext. view from North from a tourist boat


VIEW:
Ext. view from river with boat in foreground

KEYWORDS:
boats; shrines (structures); River Ganges; haveli; Bhairava

NOTES:
Built by State if Mysore (now Karnataka) c. 1910. Sits of Bhairava Shrine. Anglo-Mughal Architecture.
Karnataka) c. 1910. Sits of Bhairava Shrine. Anglo-Mughal Architecture.

CITATION_1:
Rana P. B. Singh (ed); Banaras, Cosmic Order, Sacred City, Hindu Traditions; Tara Book Agency, Varanasi, 1993.


KEYWORDS:
boats; shrines (structures); River River Ganges; haveli; Bhairava

NOTES:
Built by State if Mysore (now Karnataka) c. 1910. Sits of Bhairava Shrine. Anglo-Mughal Architecture.


VIEW:
Ext. view from river with Kumaraswami Math in background

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); math; ablutions; monasteries

NOTES:
Built in early 18th century; old name: Nala Ghat. Shrine of Kśemeśvara and Kśemaka Gana are at the top portion of the steps. Monastery built in 1962.


VIEW:
Ext. view of steps from river with bathing pilgrims

KEYWORDS:
Ghats; stairs; people; River Ganges; ablutions; Tirtha

NOTES:
Steps built in 1890 by Vijayanagaram State;  adjacent monastery built by Kumaraswami in late 16th century; site of Kedāreśvara Temple; eulogized in Kasikandha, 77.8-10, 47-54.


VIEW:
Ext. view of ghat with monastery (lft.) and temple (abv.); boat in foreground

KEYWORDS:
ghats; stairs; people; kiosks; River Ganges; ablutions; monasteries; Tirtha


VIEW:
Ext. view of steps with pilgrims bathing at sunrise; temple bell and top of gopuras (abv.).

KEYWORDS:
ghats; stairs; people; boats; kiosks; River Ganges; ablutions; monasteries; Tirtha


VIEW:
Ext. view of steps with pilgrims bathing at sunrise


TITLE_1:
Shivālā Ghat and Mahānirvāṇ̣ī Monastery and Ghat

VIEW:
Ext. view of ghats from river with monastery in background

KEYWORDS:
ghats; stairs; people; River Ganges; ablutions; monasteries; Nāgās

NOTES:
Site predates 1796 British census.  Mahānirvāṇ̣ī Akhara monastic center (18th century) of Nāgā Sannyasi (renunciates) on left. Mahānirvāṇ̣ī Ghat made pucca early 20th century by king of Pañca Kata.

CITATION_1:
Swami Medhasananda; Varanasi at the Crossroads; The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, 2002; Kroch Library Asia DS 486.B4 M44 2002


VIEW:
Ext. view from the river with boats; corpse on river's edge

NOTES:
Renovated by Narayana Diksit in 1740. Cities oldest cremation ground is named for myth of king Hariśchandra.

CITATION_1:
Diana Eck; Banaras, city of light; Columbia University Press, 1999; Kroch Library Asia BL1153.7.V36 E24x 1999


VIEW:
Ext. view from North with dhobis in foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: Dhobis at work near Paṇḍeya Ghat.

NOTES:
Built in 1805 in honor of wrestler Babua Pandey.


KEYWORDS:
ghats; palaces; stairs; people; mural paintings

NOTES:
Constructed by Raja of Darabhanga Bihar in 1915. Houses shrine of Kukutesvara.


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: Contemporary folk painting of Shiva Nataraja on front of palace

KEYWORDS:
palaces; mural paintings; folk art; Shiva; Nataraja


VIEW:
Ext: façade and adjoining Sīitalā Ghat from river

KEYWORDS:
ghats; stairs; pilgrims; ablutions; River Ganges

NOTES:
Pilgrims perform morning ablutions before outdoor shrines at Ganges' edge.


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: Ghat at water level with pilgrims performing ablutions


KEYWORDS:
ghats; stairs; temples; boats; pilgrims; ablutions; parasols; River Ganges

NOTES:
Site of ancient Goddess worship, main temple of Dasasvamedh Ghat is dedicated to goddess of smallpox. Rebuilt by Narayan Diksit in 1740.

CITATION_1:
Diana Eck; Banaras, city of light; Columbia University Press, 1999; Kroch Library Asia BL1153.7.V36 E24x 1999.

CITATION_2:
Rana P. B. Singh (ed); Banaras, Cosmic Order, Sacred City, Hindu Traditions; Tara Book Agency, Varanasi, 1993


VIEW:
Ext.: Sitalā  temple and Prayagghat from south


VIEW:
Ext.: Sitalā  temple, Prayagghat, and water works from South


KEYWORDS:
ghats; stairs; boats; pilgrims; ablutions; parasols; River Ganges


VIEW:
Ext.: waterfront with pilgrims and boats

NOTES:
Boats and chhatris (umbrellas) of Brahmin priests on the main bathing ghat of holy city. Rebuilt in 1740 and 1774.

CITATION_2:
Swami Medhasananda; Varanasi at the Crossroads; The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, 2002; Kroch Library Asia DS 486.B4 M44 2002


VIEW:
Ext.: view of stairs and path from river

NOTES:
Stairs at main bathing ghat lead to Vishvanāth Gali. Rebuilt in 1740 and 1774.


KEYWORDS:
ghats; stairs; boats; pilgrims; ablutions; parasols; River Ganges; kiosks

NOTES:
Octagonal platforms provide ritual space for Hindu pilgrims. Rebuilt in 1740 and 1774.


VIEW:
Ext.: façade from river with boat and bathers


VIEW:
Ext.: Sitala Ghat and Daśāśvamedha Ghat before sunrise


VIEW:
Ext.: façade from river with boats and pilgrims


TITLE_1:
Public waterworks at Rajendra Prasad Ghat

VIEW:
Ext. Det.: Folk painting of Shiva Nataraj

KEYWORDS:
folk art; waterworks; ghats; Shiva; Nataraja; mural paintings

NOTES:
Popular depiction of Shiva Nataraja adorns water tank at Rajendra Prasad Ghat.


KEYWORDS:
ghats; tirtha; confluences; śikharas; boats; parasols

NOTES:
Named for Prayāg Tirtha. Houses Shiva Temple. Eulogized in Kashi Kanda. Rebuilt 1700-1799; Reconstructed by Rāni Bhuvanmāyi of Bengal, ca 1910.

CITATION_2:
Rana P. B. Singh (ed); Banaras, Cosmic Order, Sacred City, Hindu Traditions; Tara Book Agency, Varanasi, 1993.


KEYWORDS:
ghats; tirtha; confluences; śikharas; ablutions


KEYWORDS:
ghats; tirtha; confluences; śikharas; pilgrims; ablutions; parasols


KEYWORDS:
ghats; tirtha; confluences; śikharas; boats; parasols; pilgrims

NOTES:
Named for Prayāg Tirtha. Houses Shiva Temple. Eulogized in Kashi Kanda. Rebuilt 1700-1799; Reconstructed by Rāni Bhuvanmāyi of Bengal, ca 1910. On certain festivals Hindus crowd to bathe at Prayag Ghat, equal to bathing at Prayag Tirtha (Allahabad).


KEYWORDS:
ghats; shrines (structures); River Ganges; Devi

NOTES:
Riverfront shrine to Gānga/Yamunā; River Goddess is inundated yearly during monsoon.

CITATION_1:
Niels Gutschow; Benares; Edition Axel Menges, 2006Asia DS 486.V37 G88x 2006+


VIEW:
Ext. from North with Tarakeśvara Temple in background

KEYWORDS:
ghats; temples; śikharas; stairs; River Ganges; boats

NOTES:
Shiva Temple sank with construction of adjacent ghat in late 19th century.


VIEW:
Ext. from North, along riverbank with Nepali Temple at upper far left


KEYWORDS:
ghats; temples; śikharas; stairs; River Ganges; boats; pilgrims


VIEW:
Ext. from North, burning body in foreground

KEYWORDS:
ghats; temples; boats; cremations; pilgrims; River Ganges

NOTES:
Present Ghat dates to the 14th Century; Rebuilt in 1730 by Bajirao Peshva. Main burning ghat, ancient "mythic" site. Manikarnikā takes its name from the ancient kund or pond where the Goddess' jewels fell.


KEYWORDS:
ghats; temples; boats; kund; pilgrims; River Ganges


VIEW:
Ext.: cremation grounds from South with Tarakeśvara on right, boats foreground

KEYWORDS:
ghats; temples; boats; cremations; pilgrims; River Ganges; cows


VIEW:
Ext. view with umbrellas in foreground on ghat


KEYWORDS:
ghats; cremations; ablutions; boats; River Ganges


KEYWORDS:
ghats; cremations; ablutions; boats; temples; River Ganges


VIEW:
Ext. close up of Burning Ghat with boat unloading wood

KEYWORDS:
ghats; cremations; boats; wood (plant material); River Ganges


VIEW:
Ext. view from the North, close up of Tarakeśvara cremation area to left.

KEYWORDS:
ghats; kiosks; arches; ablutions; pilgrims; shrines (structures); River Ganges

NOTES:
Present Ghat dates to the 14th Century; Rebuilt in 1730 by Bajirao Peshva. Main burning ghat, ancient "mythic" site. Manikarnikā takes its name from the ancient kund or pond where the Goddess' jewels fell. Pilgrims bathe at burning ghats.


VIEW:
Ext. view of shrines lining the water's edge. Tarakeśvara lingam visible behind

KEYWORDS:
ghats; ablutions; linga; River Ganges; pilgrims;


VIEW:
Ext. view of shrines lining the water's edge, with pilgrims bathing

KEYWORDS:
ghats; pilgrims; shrines (structures); ablutions; River Ganges


VIEW:
Ext. view from North with Pilgrims bathing at Tarakeśvara Temple

KEYWORDS:
ghats; pilgrims; shrines (structures); ablutions; River Ganges; temples


NOTES:
Built mid 20th Century; residence of king of Doms, caste if cremation ground handlers.


VIEW:
Ext. from river, East façade with bathers.

KEYWORDS:
ghats; bathers; River Ganges; pilgrims; temple

NOTES:
Ghat originally built by Gwalior Queen Baija Bai in 1830; renovated by Gwalior Maharaja in mid 20th Century. Dattatreya Temple on Site.


KEYWORDS:
ghats; pilgrims; bathers; River Ganges; temple

NOTES:
Ghat originally included adjacent palace. Later divided into Sankata and Ganga Mahal Ghats. Named for goddess Sankata temple on site.


VIEW:
Ext. view from South, with Alangri Mosque in background

NOTES:
Original name Yameshwar Ghat, built by Maharaja of Gwalior early 19th Century


VIEW:
Ext. view from South, with Bonsla Ghat at right, boats in foreground

KEYWORDS:
ghats; River Ganges; boats; shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Ext. from South, palace façade with boats

KEYWORDS:
ghats; palaces; River Ganges; turrets (towers); arches; colonnades; parapets

NOTES:
Built of red sandstone. Site of Laksmi Nārāyana Temple.

CITATION_2:
Niels Gutschow; Benares; Edition Axel Menges, 2006Asia DS 486.V37 G88x 2006+


VIEW:
Ext.; from North; Laksmi Narayana temple Shikhara visible at rear of palace; water buffalo in foreground

KEYWORDS:
ghats; palaces; River Ganges; turrets (towers); arches; colonnades; parapets; water buffalo


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: lower façade at riverfront with bathers and water buffalo

KEYWORDS:
ghats; palaces; River Ganges; pilgrims; bathers; cows; stairs; gates; ablutions; water buffalo

NOTES:
Built of red sandstone. Site of Laksmi Nārāyana Temple. Locals perform leisurely morning ablutions.


VIEW:
Ext.: side view of palace and ghat from observatory roof

KEYWORDS:
ghats; palaces; River Ganges; boats; oriels; parapets

NOTES:
Built by Raja Man Singh in 1600. Observatory built in 1697 by Raja Jai Singh.

CITATION_2:
Diana Eck; Banaras, city of light; Columbia University Press, 1999; Kroch Library Asia BL1153.7.V36 E24x 1999.


VIEW:
Int. facing East. Ganges River from inside the Hall of Audience.


KEYWORDS:
courtyards; colonnades; palaces; arches; aedicules


VIEW:
Int. Det.: sculptural detail and pillars inside jutting oriel at North end of façade


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: view of pillars and adjacent oriels on front façade


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: oriels on front façade with reclining man. Looking down to ghats.

KEYWORDS:
pillars; oriels; River Ganges; ghats; boats


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: Chakra Yantra (astronomical instrument) viewed from above

KEYWORDS:
palaces; roofs; astronomical instruments; River Ganges


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: view of Samrat Yantra from West


VIEW:
Ext. view of façade of Palace and ghat  from river

KEYWORDS:
palaces; ghats; boats; stairs; River Ganges


NOTES:
Sri Ram Janki Jagganath Mandir, Ramaghat. A form of Vishnu worshipped in Puri, Orissa


VIEW:
Ext. from South with Alamgir Mosque in rearground

KEYWORDS:
ghats; River Ganges; boats; domes (dome components); minarets; turrets (towers); aedicules; mosques

NOTES:
Built by Peshwa Baji Rao II, owned by Peshwa rulers.


VIEW:
Ext. from South looking towards Pancha Ganga Ghat and Alamgir Mosque

KEYWORDS:
ghats; River Ganges; boats; domes (dome components); minarets; turrets (towers); aedicules; bathers; pilgrims; ablutions; mosques


VIEW:
Ext. view from South with Balaji Ghat and Alamgir Mosque

KEYWORDS:
ghats; River Ganges; boats; domes (dome components); minarets; turrets (towers); aedicules; tirtha; confluences; kiosks; mosques

NOTES:
Important bathing site at confluence of rive sacred rivers. Site of ancient Binhumādhava Temple destroyed by Aurangzeb; present site of Alamgir Mosque.


VIEW:
Ext.: close up of riverfront cubicles, wrestlers on left

KEYWORDS:
ghats; cubicles; shrines (structures); pilgrims; bathers; ablutions

NOTES:
Riverfront cubicles house shrines and provide platforms for pilgrims activities.


VIEW:
Ext.: close up of riverfront cubicles, bathers and boats

KEYWORDS:
ghats; cubicles; shrines (structures); pilgrims; bathers; ablutions; boats


VIEW:
Ext.: view from top of Alamgir Mosque; riverfront to South


KEYWORDS:
temples; colonnades; devotees; Durga; sanctums; mandapas; pillars

NOTES:
Sculpted pillars support roof of colonnade that frames outer circumference of temple. Built of Red sandstone by Queen of Natore, Bengal. Naubatkhana (music pavilion) built by Kalishankar Ray in 1823.


VIEW:
Int.: naubatkhana (music pavilion)  from parikrama aisle with monkeys and devotees

NOTES:
Devotees circumambulate in Natamandapa and sanctum after darshan of deity. Built of Red sandstone by Queen of Natore, Bengal. Naubatkhana (music pavilion) built by Kalishankar Ray in 1823.


VIEW:
Int.: sanctum with Sikh facing the deity

KEYWORDS:
temples; sanctums; deities; shrines (structures)

NOTES:
Devotees of Goddess are drawn from all castes, communities and regions. Built of Red sandstone by Queen of Natore, Bengal. Naubatkhana (music pavilion) built by Kalishankar Ray in 1823.


VIEW:
Int.: facing Sanctum within pillared naubatkhana; devotee ringing bell

KEYWORDS:
temples; sanctums; deities; shrines (structures); bells (idiophones); colonnades; pillars

NOTES:
Built of Red sandstone by Queen of Natore, Bengal. Naubatkhana (music pavilion) built by Kalishankar Ray in 1823.


VIEW:
Ext. det.: popular depiction of Durga and sign at main entrance

KEYWORDS:
temples; folk art; mural paintings; Durga; deities; tigers


VIEW:
Int: devotees line up at the sanctum; child priest

KEYWORDS:
temples; devotees; sanctums; priests; children


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 20)

VIEW:
Int: Lft.: idol of Meenaksi; Rt: idols of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara; priests perform wedding rituals in the foreground.

NOTES:
Key events of 12 day festival: coronation of Meenakshi, Digvijaya festival, the wedding of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara, Temple Car festival. Established by the Nayakas, originally in month of Maasi, shifted to Chithrai to coincide with Azhagar's festival.

CITATION_1:
Harman, W.P.; The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess; Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press; 1989; Kroch Library Asia; BL1225.M48 H29 1989

CITATION_2:
Kannikeswaran, K.; Madurai - Annual Festival; http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/Madurai/festival1.html


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 21)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 1)

NOTES:
Key events: coronation of Meenakshi, Digvijaya festival, the wedding of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara (day 10), Temple Car festival. Established by the Nayakas, originally in month of Maasi, shifted to Chithrai to coincide with Azhagar's festival.


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 2)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 3)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 4)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 5)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 6)

VIEW:
Int: Lft.: idol of Meenaksi; Rt: idols of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara; priests in hats take on roles of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara to perform wedding rituals in the foreground.


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 7)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 8)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 9)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 10)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 11)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 12)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 13)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 14)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 15)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 16)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 17)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 18)


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Meenakshi-Sundaresvara Wedding (Scene 19)

VIEW:
Ext.: Lft.: idol of Meenaksi; Rt: idols of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara; priests in hats take on roles of Meenakshi and Sundaresvara to perform wedding rituals in the foreground.


VIEW:
Ext.: Meenakshi and Sundaresvara in the foreground, Meenakshi just behind

NOTES:
Each morning, other than the 7th and the 12th day of the Festival, there is a procession of deities, chief among them being Meenakshi and Sundaresvarar.


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Temple Car Procession

VIEW:
Ext.: Temple car carrying Meenaksi and Sundaresvara

NOTES:
On Day 11 of the Chithrai Festival, the Temple Car, carrying Meenakshi and Sundarewarar, travels along the four Masi streets surrounding the Meenakshi temple


VIEW:
Ext.: Meenakshi on Gaja-Simha Vahana (Elephant-Lion Vehicle)

NOTES:
Each evening of the 12-day Festival, there is a procession of deities, including Meenakshi, Sundarevarar, Skanda, Ganesha, etc. Each day Meenakshi rides on a different Vehicle.


VIEW:
Ext.: Ganesha leads the procession on the Mooshika Vahana (Mouse Vehicle) , in the background is Skanda on the Parvani Vahana (Peacock Vehicle)


VIEW:
Ext.: Meenakshi and Sundaresvara on the Rishaba Vahana (Bull Vehicle)


VIEW:
Ext.: Rear View: Meenakshi and Sundaresvara on the Rishaba Vahana (Bull Vehicle)


VIEW:
Ext.: Meenakshi and Sundaresvara on the Bull in the foreground, Meenakshi in the background


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Elephants at the Procession

VIEW:
Ext.: Elephant is part of the procession at the Chithrai Festival in Meenakshi Temple

NOTES:
10th day: Kallazhagar from Azhagar Koyil (Tirumaaliruncholai) makes a visit to Vandiyur, near the Vaigai river. Kallazhagar realizes that he is too late for his sister's wedding, so refuses to cross the river and returns disappointed to Azhagar koil.


TITLE_1:
Chithrai Festival; Priest and others at Procession

VIEW:
Ext.: Priests with crowd at Azhagar procession

NOTES:
10th day: Kallazhagar from Azhagar Koyil  visits Vandiyur. Kallazhagar realizes that he is too late for his sister's wedding, so refuses to cross the river and returns disappointed to Azhagar koil. On the 4th day, Azhagar journeys to Madurai.


VIEW:
Ext.: Azhagar journeys to the Vaigai river on his vehicle Garuda


NOTES:
10th day: Kallazhagar from Azhagar Koyil  visits Vandiyur. Kallazhagar realizes that he is too late for his sister's wedding, so refuses to cross the river and returns disappointed to Azhagar koil. On the 6th day, Azhagar steps into the Vaigai River


VIEW:
Ext.: Kallazhagar (on golden horse) meets Kudalazhagar (on silver horse).

NOTES:
10th day: Kallazhagar from Azhagar Koyil  visits Vandiyur. Kallazhagar realizes that he is too late for his sister's wedding, refuses to cross river and returns disappointed to Azhagar koil. 5th day, Azhagar meets Kudalazhagar at the Ramarayar Mandapam


VIEW:
Ext.: Kudalazhagar arrives from Thirukudal temple in Madurai


VIEW:
Ext. det.: main entrance, with devotees and monkey (facing East)


VIEW:
Ext. det.: hibiscus motif niche with monkey

KEYWORDS:
temples; sculpture (visual work)s; monkeys

NOTES:
Stalls sell ritual item for devotees. Siva lingas installed at base of sacred tree. Built of Red sandstone by Queen of Natore, Bengal. Naubatkhana (music pavilion) built by Kalishankar Ray in 1823.


VIEW:
Ext. det.: Niche in out wall which houses the Shiva linga


NOTES:
Built by Vishnu Mahadev in 1781. Houses goddess of the "full food vessel", or "full pot of food".


VIEW:
Ext. det.: entrance to temple with bowing devotee


VIEW:
Ext. det.: entrance to temple with  devotees


VIEW:
Int.: facing Ganesh shrine, Southwest corner with priest

KEYWORDS:
temples; colonnades; shrines (structures); priests; arches; Ganesha


VIEW:
Int. det.: main deity Annapūrnā, with bowing devotee

KEYWORDS:
temples; devotees; deities; goddesses; shrines (structures); votive candles

NOTES:
Built by Vishnu Mahadev in 1781. Houses goddess of the "full food vessel", or "full pot of food". This image of the deity installed in 1977.


VIEW:
Ext.: facing North, entrance with school children

KEYWORDS:
temples; schools (organizations); scaffolds; children

NOTES:
Built in 1842 by Nepalese King: carved wood and brick, dedicated to Queen Sāmrājyalakṣmi of Nepal. School located just below the temple.


NOTES:
Built in 1842 by Nepalese King: carved wood and brick, dedicated to Queen Sāmrājyalakṣmi of Nepal.


VIEW:
Ext. det.: close-up of carved windows with children


VIEW:
Int. det.: marble bas-relief map of India looking "North"


VIEW:
Int. det.: marble bas-relief map of India seen from above


VIEW:
Ext.: gilded shikhara and dome that covers sanctum

KEYWORDS:
temples; śikharas; domes (dome components)

NOTES:
Rebuilt on present site in 1777 by Ahalyābai Holkar of Indore; gilded by Rajput Singh in 1835; patron deity of Varanasi


VIEW:
Ext.: Devotees who have taken oaths, with fans


VIEW:
Ext.: Devotees have their heads tonsured


VIEW:
Ext.: Devotees who have taken oaths, with leather water carriers


VIEW:
Ext.: Devotee getting child's ear pierced


VIEW:
Ext.: Azhagar on a Palanquin, devotees with their offerings


VIEW:
Ext.: Azhagar on a Palanquin, with Priests


VIEW:
Ext.: Devotees waiting for the Procession


VIEW:
Ext.: Devotee dressed as a Monkey collecting alms


VIEW:
Ext.: Elephant is part of the procession


VIEW:
Ext.: Donation Box  (Hundi) accompanied by policeman


VIEW:
Ext.: Azhagar on a Palanquin, devotees pulling the Palanquin-car


VIEW:
Aerial  view from South tower. View of West tower, golden vimana of the Meenakshi shrine

CITATION_1:
Balaram Iyer, T. G. S.; History & Description of Sri Meenakshi Temple; Madurai: Sri Karthikeiya Publication; 1976; Kroch Library Asia; BL1227.M24 M433 1951

CITATION_2:
Thiagarajan, K.; Meenakshi Temple, Masurai; Madurai: Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple Renovation Committee; 1965; Fine Arts; NA6008.M28 T17


VIEW:
Aerial view from South tower. View of West tower, golden vimanas of the  Sundaresvarar shrine and Meenakshi shrine


VIEW:
Aerial view from South tower. Vew of North tower, golden  vimana of Sundaresvarar shrine to the left, bottom right corner, the steps of the Golden Lily Tank is partially visible


VIEW:
Areial view from South tower. Vew of North tower, golden  vimana of Sundaresvarar shrine to the left


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: View of the golden vimana of the Sundaresvarar shrine from the South tower


VIEW:
Int.: View from South tower. View of North towers


VIEW:
Ext.: Night View of Temple tank and tower


VIEW:
Ext: View from South tower. View of North towers


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple: gopura detail


VIEW:
Ext.: Columns in the prakara adjoining the Tank


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple: minor shrines
inor Shrines

VIEW:
Int: Dhandayudhapani shrine and Kazhugumalai Kumarar shrine


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple: Sundaresvara shrine

TITLE_2:
Shiva shrine; Swamy shrine; Sundareswarar shrine

VIEW:
Int: Entrance to the Shiva shrine (Swamy Temple)


VIEW:
Int: Meenakshi's Palanquin, used in the Chithrai Festival


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple:  Meenakshi Shrine

VIEW:
Int: Entrance to Meenakshi Amman shrine, with dwarapalakas and hundis or collection boxes


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple: Shani shrine


TITLE_1:
Meenakshi Sundaresvara Temple: Processional Deity


VIEW:
Int: Entrance to the Shiva shrine (Swamy Temple) with dhvajasthambha


NOTES:
The Throne Chamber is a vast room with a raised, octagonal dome lies to the west of the palace complex. The palace itself dates to the mid 17th C., probably 1636. Built by Tirumalai Nayak (reign 1623-1659).

CITATION_1:
Rajaram, Kumarasamy; History of Thirumalai Nayak; Madurai: Ennes Publications; 1982; Kroch Library Asia; DS486.M205 T467 1976


VIEW:
Aerial view of Thirumalai Nayak palace and Madurai city

NOTES:
The Thirumalai Nayak palace lies 2 kms southeast of the Meenakshi Sundaresvarar Temple


VIEW:
Aerial View of Thirumalai Nayak palace and Madurai city


VIEW:
Ext.: shops opposite temple with sacred tree and ascetics.


VIEW:
Ext.: temple shikhara and Ganges from South

KEYWORDS:
temples; śikharas; domes (dome components); ghats; River Ganges


VIEW:
Ext.: temple shikhara at Vatsyarajaghat  (right) and Jain Ghat (left) from South


KEYWORDS:
temples; pilgrims; shrines (structures); monkeys


VIEW:
Ext.: street scene with haveli and shops

KEYWORDS:
streets; streetscapes; haveli; stores; bicycles; rickshaws

NOTES:
19th Century Haveli on the road to Godaulia


KEYWORDS:
streets; streetscapes; haveli; stores; automobiles

NOTES:
19th Century Haveli. Filigree work decorates balconies of Haveli; sign reads "First Aid Post".


NOTES:
19th Century. Historic home of the celebrated Hindi poet Bhartendu Harischandra (185-1885)


NOTES:
Carved wooden doorway; betel stained walls in gali (narrow street).


VIEW:
Ext.: rickshaw in front of shop entrance


VIEW:
Ext.: sadhu walking in side street with shops


NOTES:
Sign reads "Sri Satyanarayan Sweet House."


NOTES:
Shops near Vishvanātha Galī sell Pilgrim's souvenirs.


VIEW:
Int.: covered market near Vishvanātha Galī


VIEW:
Ext.: offerings being carried through a crowded bazaar

KEYWORDS:
galī; processions; offerings; stores; people

NOTES:
Offerings for Vishvanātha are carried through narrow streets daily


VIEW:
Ext.: crowd gathered around groom riding in an auto-rickshaw


VIEW:
Ext.: old man collects donations near drinking water stand


VIEW:
Ext.: bolts of silk on porch of workshop

KEYWORDS:
textile materials; porches; silk (textiles)


VIEW:
Int.: wood block printing on silk in workshop

KEYWORDS:
textile materials; silk (textiles); prints (visual work); wood block (printing blocks); craftsmen; workshops


VIEW:
Int.: Muslim weaver displays Barnasi silk sari

KEYWORDS:
textile materials; silk (textiles); saris; weavers; craftsmen; workshops


VIEW:
Ext.: bicycle rickshaws in street and fruit stand

KEYWORDS:
rickshaws; bicycles; streetscapes; stands (mercantile structures)


VIEW:
Ext.: bicycle rickshaws at Goudalia crossing


KEYWORDS:
stands (mercantile structures); people; automobiles; parasols


KEYWORDS:
ghats; stairs; pilgrims; ablutions; parasols; River Ganges


NOTES:
After the wedding clay cups and garlands litter area


VIEW:
Ext.: Brahmin priest conducting ritual at Rāj Ghat

NOTES:
Pilgrims offer pinda dan for ancestors in Varanasi


KEYWORDS:
ghats; women; offerings; River Ganges; stairs


VIEW:
Ext.: sacred tree with shrine and flower garland vendor

KEYWORDS:
trees; garlands; peddlers; shrines (structures); limga; people


KEYWORDS:
stands (mercantile structures); women; bangles; peddlers


NOTES:
Sculpted figures depict rishis or sages of Hindu tradition


VIEW:
Ext.: palanquin bearers wait by palanquin


VIEW:
Ext.: woman being escorted to palanquin with crowd watching

NOTES:
Man holding onto women's sari indicated newly married couple.


VIEW:
Ext.: palanquin carried down narrow street


VIEW:
Ext.: Scott MacDougal on the Pontoon Bridge to Ram Nagar

NOTES:
The pontoon bridge over the Ganges in seasonal (November-June)

CITATION_1:
Robert and Roma Bradnock, Footprint India, Footprint Handbooks, Bath, 2001


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims walking along the ghat after the morning ablutions

NOTES:
Restored in 1941 by Baldeo Das Birla. Named for the epic poet Tulsidas (1547-1622), author of the Ramcharitmanas.


VIEW:
Ext.: Brahmin performing pranayama under umbrella

NOTES:
Facing the rising sum over the Ganges, locals perform morning rituals.


VIEW:
Ext.: men socializing in morning at river


VIEW:
Ext.: Dandaswami performs morning rituals

NOTES:
Dandaswami identifiable by his robes, staff, beads and komandalu (water pot) beside him.


VIEW:
Int.: woman offers hibiscus flower to Siva linga

KEYWORDS:
ghats; tirtha; śikharas; pilgrims; linga; women


NOTES:
Dandaswami (Shankaracharya monk)  identifiable by his staff.


VIEW:
Ext.: woman carrying basket, clothes drying


VIEW:
Ext.: holy man performing japam (prayer with counting beads) with pilgrims in background


VIEW:
Ext. Dhobin (female washerwoman) with pilgrims in background


VIEW:
Ext.: sand barge with patchwork sail and oars


VIEW:
Ext.: sand barge with patchwork sail and three man crew


VIEW:
Ext.: from South, with newly painted tourist boats in foreground

KEYWORDS:
ghats; boats; ablutions; parasols; śikharas; River Ganges


VIEW:
Ext.: view from South, with tourist boats and house boats in foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: sunrise on a festival day, with house boats and tourist boats


VIEW:
Ext. view with house boats in foreground

KEYWORDS:
ghats; temples; River Ganges; boats; pilgrims; parasols


VIEW:
Ext.: distinguished foreign guests on a houseboat on the Ganges


VIEW:
Ext. view of Ganges with loaded sand barge and crew, Shivala Ghat in the background


VIEW:
Ext.: view from South with houseboat in foreground

NOTES:
Built by Sridhara Narayana Munsi, finance minister in the State of Darabhanga, in 1912. After his death in 1924 named in his honor.


VIEW:
Ext.: Boats on river from West. In foreground boat carrying child's body.

NOTES:
Bodies of young children of holy men are generally not cremated, but are buried or submerged instead.


VIEW:
Ext.: close up of boat bearing body of child


VIEW:
Ext.: body of child being submerged into the Ganges


VIEW:
Ext.: family members and priest circumambulate a body

NOTES:
Renovated by Narayana Diksit in 1740. Cities oldest cremation ground is named for myth of king Hariśchandra. The eldest son performs death rituals under supervision of priest.


VIEW:
Ext.: eldest son uses Kusha grass to light the pyre


KEYWORDS:
Buddha; enlightenment; Bodhi Tree; temples; stupas

NOTES:
Built by Ashoka (3rd C BCE) to mark spot of Buddha's enlightenment; replaced in 2nd C BCE by present temple; repaired in 11th C by Burmese and by British in 1880s. Brick and Plaster.

CITATION_1:
Bodh Gaya : the Site of Enlightenment, Marg Publications, Bombay, 1988, edited by Janice Leoshko


VIEW:
Ext.: facing south, votive stupas with main temple in the background

NOTES:
Built by Ashoka (3rd C BCE) to mark spot of Buddha's enlightenment; replaced in 2nd C BCE by present temple; repaired in 11th C by Burmese and by British in 1880s. Brick and Plaster. Votive stupas erected in fulfillment of pilgrims' vows.


VIEW:
Ext.: Stupas in courtyard of temple, facing North;

NOTES:
Built by Ashoka (3rd C BCE) to mark spot of Buddha's enlightenment; replaced in 2nd C BCE by present temple; repaired in 11th C by Burmese and by British in 1880s. Brick and Plaster. Votive stupas symbolic commemoration of Buddha's enlightenment.


VIEW:
Ext.: West façade  with gilded Buddha in niche above Vajrāsana

NOTES:
Built by Ashoka (3rd C BCE) to mark spot of Buddha's enlightenment; replaced in 2nd C BCE by present temple; repaired in 11th C by Burmese and by British in 1880s. Brick and Plaster. Vajrāsana is the Buddha's enlightenment seat, located below the image.


VIEW:
Ext. det. of Stupa showing figures of a man and woman (maybe the donor couple)


VIEW:
Ext.: facing south; pilgrims circumambulate the temple

KEYWORDS:
Buddha; enlightenment; Bodhi Tree; temples; stupas; pilgrims


KEYWORDS:
Buddha; enlightenment; Bodhi Tree; temples; stupas; pilgrims; walkways

NOTES:
The jewel walk commemorates the spot where the Buddha walked after his enlightenment; according to legend 18 lotus flowers sprang up on the site where 18 pillars stood during Sunga period (1st C BCE).


VIEW:
Ext.: temple courtyard with votive stupa


VIEW:
Ext. view East towards Bodhi Tree, with stupas in foreground

NOTES:
Built by Ashoka (3rd C BCE) to mark spot of Buddha's enlightenment; replaced in 2nd C BCE by present temple; repaired in 11th C by Burmese and by British in 1880s. Brick and Plaster. The Bodhi Tree is said to be a descendent of the original.


VIEW:
Ext. view of stupas in courtyard facing Northwest


NOTES:
Built by the International Buddhist Brotherhood Assoc. of Japan. Buddhists sects from various countries have built temples, monasteries and guest houses at Bodh Gaya .

CITATION_1:
Rana P.B. Singh, Where the Buddha walked, a companion to Buddhist places of India, India Books, Varanasi, 2003


VIEW:
Int.: main shrine; mural behind depicts masses taking refuge in Buddha


VIEW:
Int. of main shrine with sitting golden Buddha, and devotees

NOTES:
Built in 1957, reconstructed in 1972 by Royal Court of Thailand. A small replica in style of marble temple in Bangkok.


VIEW:
Int.: sitting golden Buddha in Bhumisparsha mudra

NOTES:
Built in 1957, reconstructed in 1972 by Royal Court of Thailand. A small replica in style of marble temple in Bangkok. Bhumisparsha mudra (one hand touching the earth) represents Buddha's attainment of enlightenment in spite of temptations of Mara.


NOTES:
Built by the Kokusai Bukkyo Koryu Kyokai (International Buddhist Brotherhood Assoc.)


NOTES:
Built by Lama Khanganwang of Ladakh in 1933. Residence of the 14th Dalai Lama when he is in Bodh Gaya


VIEW:
Ext. Bodhi Tree. Buddhapada (footprints of Buddha) in foreground and Vajrāsana (diamond or indestructible rock on which Buddha sat in meditation).

NOTES:
King Prasenajit of Koshala built a protective wall around Bodhi Tree under which Buddha became enlightened. King Asoka revived it and his daughter planted a sapling in Sri Lanka. The current tree grew from sapling brought from Sri Lanka.


VIEW:
Ext.: devotee praying before Buddhapada; Vajrāsana behind iron railing, with prayer flags on tree


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees at the Bodhi Tree, with images of the Buddha on the side of the temple


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims lining up to worship at Vajrāsana

NOTES:
Vajrāsana (diamond or indestructible rock on which Buddha sat in meditation).


VIEW:
Det.: of Buddhapada with flower offerings

KEYWORDS:
Bodhi tree; Buddhapada; offerings; flowers (plants)

NOTES:
Sacred footprints of Sakyamuni (Buddha) under Bodhi Tree are objects of worship. Hindus worship footprints as those of Vishnu.


NOTES:
A footprint with a wheel in the center is an ancient motif in Buddhist iconography, dating to period before Buddha was represented in bodily form.


VIEW:
View from North with Stupas in foreground

NOTES:
Trees marking various stages in the life of the Buddha are venerated at Mahabodhi Temple

CITATION_1:
Where the Buddha Walked, edited by S. Muthiah, TT Maps, 1980, Madras


NOTES:
Animeshalochana Stupa marks spot where Buddha stood for the third week after his enlightenment, gazing in gratitude at Bodhi Tree


VIEW:
Ext. view of stupa with Torana or entrance arch to temple in foreground


VIEW:
Det. of Bodhi Tree as seen through ceremonial doorway with prayer flags, facing East

KEYWORDS:
Bodhi tree; Buddhism; offerings; flags; devotees


VIEW:
Ext.: Western façade with monk in foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: Burmese women worship at Bodhi Tree; temple façade behind

NOTES:
Pilgrims travel from all over East and South Asia to pay homage to the place of Buddha's enlightenment


VIEW:
Ext.: Burmese women worship at Bodhi Tree; Buddhapada (covered) on right

NOTES:
Pilgrims travel from all over East and South Asia to pay homage to the place of Buddha's enlightenment. Sacred footprints of Sakyamuni (Buddha) under Bodhi Tree are objects of worship.


VIEW:
Ext.: Vajrāsana, the diamond seat of the Buddha, looking Southeast

NOTES:
Stone carved slab marking location of Buddha's enlightenment while seated in meditation, measures 143x238x13.5 cm and is carved of red sandstone; dates to ashokan period (270-232 BCE).


VIEW:
Ext.: Vajrāsana, the diamond seat of the Buddha, looking into the enclosure


VIEW:
Ext.: Burmese women worship at Bodhi Tree


VIEW:
Ext.: Burmese woman worship at Bodhi Tree


VIEW:
Det.: monks at base of Bodhi Tree seen through opening in the wall


VIEW:
Ext.: main entrance with Torana (arched entrance, bell, pillars and chaitya

KEYWORDS:
temples; entrances; pillars; arches; bells (idiophones); chaityas

NOTES:
Mahabodhi Vihara marks the location of Buddha's enlightenment under the Bo Tree. Temple spire is 54 m high with a square plan and 4 smaller spires. Houses a gilded image of Buddha in bhumisparsha mudra (one hand touching the earth)


VIEW:
Ext.: second story of temple facing South; votive stupas on left


NOTES:
Markings of forehead identify him as a Vaishnava Sadhu


NOTES:
Jewel  house is the shrine commemorating where Buddha spent his fourth week of meditation, attaining deeper states of meditative awareness


VIEW:
Int.: view of Buddha shrine; Buddha sits in dharmachakrin mudra under a wooden canopy

NOTES:
Dharmachakrin mudra: gesture of the Buddha turning the wheel of dharma, enumerating the four noble truths.

CITATION_2:
Bodh Gaya : the Site of Enlightenment, Marg Publications, Bombay, 1988, edited by Janice Leoshko


VIEW:
Int.: Main shrine; Bhudda sits in bhumisparsha mudra

KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); Buddha; pilgrims

NOTES:
Bhumisparsha mudra: one hand touching the earth


NOTES:
Unsure of identity of temple. Assumed to by Burmese from style.


KEYWORDS:
monasteries; shrines (structures); courtyards; tombs

NOTES:
Saivite monastery houses a cluster of four temples and several samadhis (tombs) of saints


KEYWORDS:
monasteries; shrines (structures); courtyards; tombs; Shivalinga


VIEW:
Ext.: doorway to street shrine with marble image of Vishnu Svaroop

NOTES:
Haridwār means Doorway of God. Site of the Kumbha Mela ("full pot gathering", the world's largest gathering, every 12 years. Sign over door reads, " Preserve God in his infinite form."


VIEW:
Ext.: view over the Ganges River and Haridwār from North

NOTES:
Haridwār means Doorway of God. Site of the Kumbha Mela ("full pot gathering", the world's largest gathering, every 12 years.


VIEW:
Ext.: view over the Ganges River in flood, and Haridwār from West


VIEW:
Ext.: looking West across river at high point of flood


VIEW:
Ext.: looking South, Ganges River in flood


NOTES:
Major Pilgrimage site. It is a 14km trek up hill from Gawukund Village to Kedārnāth; trail open from May to October.

CITATION_1:
Badarīnāth and Kedārnāth, the Dhams in the Himalayas, Subhadra Sen Gupta, Rupa & Co, New Delhi, 2002


VIEW:
Ext.: locals on path, carrying child in wicker backpack


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims being led on harseback on narrow streets of Kedārnāth


KEYWORDS:
offerings; stands (mercantile structures); stores

NOTES:
Kedapuri is the town at the Kedārnāth Temple

CITATION_1:
Through the Valley of the Gods: Travels in the Central Himalayas, Man Mohan Sharma, Vision Books, New Delhi, 1978


VIEW:
Ext.: street approaching temple with shops selling offerings

KEYWORDS:
offerings; stands (mercantile structures); stores; streets; temple


NOTES:
Kedapuri is the town at the Kedārnāth Temple. This may be the fames Phalera Baba, who stayed year round at Kedārnāth up until early 21st Century.


VIEW:
Ext.: Ash smeared Sadhu at Chai shop with shopkeeper under awning.


VIEW:
Ext.: Sacred Kund; spring with deities and canopy

KEYWORDS:
springs (bodies of water); deities; canopies (structural elements)


NOTES:
Built of dark granite. Elevation 3,910 m. Site is from Puranic period (400-700 C.E.). The temple dates from the 19th Century. Main diety ancient Siva Lingam. Lakshmi-Narayan image was installed by Shankara, who is died here at te age of 32 (c. 820 C.E.)

CITATION_2:
Badarīnāth and Kedārnāth, the Dhams in the Himalayas, Subhadra Sen Gupta, Rupa & Co, New Delhi, 2002


VIEW:
Alaknanda River in Himalayas with small temple


VIEW:
Garhwal waterfalls enroute to Badarīnāth from South


VIEW:
Ext.: facing West, with mountains behind and Alaknanda River in foreground

NOTES:
Site and temple established by Shankaracharya, 9th C. Temple built by Maharaja of Tehri, 15th C.; restored by Ahilyabai of Indore in 18th C. temple marks Northern seat of  Shankaracharya order (est. 9th C.) Major Hindu Pilgrimage site. Altitude 3122 m.

CITATION_2:
Through the Valley of the Gods: Travels in the Central Himalayas, Man Mohan Sharma, Vision Books, New Delhi, 1978

CITATION_3:
Beauty of the Himalayas, Balwant Singh, Saharanpur : Balwant Singh, 1999


VIEW:
Ext.: facing West, temple façade with pilgrims


VIEW:
Ext.: overview of Badarīnāth with Nell Kantha Peak lit by sun, upper left


VIEW:
Mountain peak at sunrise; temple and town in the shadows


VIEW:
Ext.: Alaknanda river in foreground; Tapta Kund (bathing place) and temple above


VIEW:
Ext.: beggars on bridge; steam rising from hot springs in background

KEYWORDS:
springs; beggars; towns; temples; bridges


VIEW:
Ext: pilgrims in mist outside entrance to hot springs


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims climbing stairs after bathing in Tupta Kund


VIEW:
Ext.: view of town, with river and Tupta Kund in foreground


VIEW:
Ext.: view of rock from top of steps leading to bathing kund with Shiva shrine to left


NOTES:
Terraced fields characterize Garhwal landscape


NOTES:
Monastic seat of the Shankaracharya of the North, established by Shankara (9th C). Seat is occupied in each generation by a holy man/head administrator of the Shankaracharya order, India's most powerful and orthodox Hindu sect.


VIEW:
Int.: shrine with "seat" or gaddi of Shankaracharya


VIEW:
Ext.: façade of building facing Northeast


VIEW:
Ext.: facing West, side of temple; protective shrine at Southwest corner


VIEW:
Ext.: facing Southwest, subsidiary shrines


KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); gaddi; pītha

NOTES:
Located 44 km South of Badrinath. Former trading post enroute to Tibet, altitude 6,000ft. Seat of the Badrinath shrine is shifted here during the winter months


VIEW:
Ext.: facing Southwest, unidentified shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: riverfront with devotees, priests, lamps

KEYWORDS:
rituals; River Ganges; devotees; priests

NOTES:
An Arati is an evening ritual of putting the deity to sleep and showing honor. In this case it is Gangaji (Godess of the Ganges).


VIEW:
Ext. view from the Northern bridge over Ganges

NOTES:
Railhead and departure point for Himalayan pilgrimages; home to countless ashrams including Sivananda ashram founded in 1940s. Sign on building read "Bharat Sadhu Samaj," (association or Indian holymen)


VIEW:
Ext. view from Northwest, with temple on left, "Swangashram" on right, and Choti Wala (a famous restaurant) in center

KEYWORDS:
River Ganges; ghats; ashrams; temples; restaurants

NOTES:
Railhead and departure point for Himalayan pilgrimages; home to countless ashrams including Sivananda ashram founded in 1940s.


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northwest, view of Swangashram across Ganges


VIEW:
Ext.: from Northeast, overview of bend in Ganges at Rishikesh


VIEW:
Ext.: from North with Lakshman Jula (bridge)


VIEW:
Ext.: facing Northeast; in distance Devprayag and confluence of the Bhagirathi (left) and Alaknanda (right)

KEYWORDS:
River Ganges; rivers; mountains; confluences

NOTES:
Altitude 1700 ft. Built at the confluence of the  Alakananda and Bhagirathi (Ganga) forming the Ganges River


VIEW:
Ext.: facing Northeast; distant view of Devprayag and Ganges River; mountains behind


VIEW:
Ext.: from southwest; bathing ghat at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers

KEYWORDS:
River Ganges; rivers; ghats; confluences


VIEW:
Ext.: from southwest; confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers


VIEW:
Ext.: facing east, temple and surroundings with steps to the river

NOTES:
Altitude 1700 ft. Built at the confluence of the  Alakananda and Bhagirathi (Ganga) forming the Ganges River. Ancient temple rebuilt in 1803 by Daulat Rao Scindia (1794–1827)


NOTES:
A major Hindu pilgrimage site, ocated 142 km from Srinagar, Kashmir; the last 46 kms of journey must be covered by foot. Cave altitude: 12,729 ft.

CITATION_1:
Sri Amarnatha Cave: The Abode of Shiva, F.M. Hassnain, Yoshiaki Miura and  Vijay Pandita; Nirmal Publishers, New Delhi, 1987


NOTES:
A major Hindu pilgrimage site, ocated 142 km from Srinagar, Kashmir; the last 46 kms of journey must be covered by foot. Cave altitude: 12,729 ft. Matted locks identify Hindu holy man. Makeup on forehead identify him as a Vaishnava Vairagi.


VIEW:
Ext.: holy man praying with a cup of tea


VIEW:
Ext.: holy man seated on stones with skull and water pot.

NOTES:
A major Hindu pilgrimage site, ocated 142 km from Srinagar, Kashmir; the last 46 kms of journey must be covered by foot. Cave altitude: 12,729 ft. Food taken from a human skull, ash-smeared naked body and matted hair: member of a radical Saivite sect.


VIEW:
Ext.: facing South; elderly woman being assisted

NOTES:
A major Hindu pilgrimage site, ocated 142 km from Srinagar, Kashmir; the last 46 kms of journey must be covered by foot. Cave altitude: 12,729 ft. As many undertake pilgrimage in old age, perters are hired to carry or assist the handicapped.


NOTES:
A major Hindu pilgrimage site, ocated 142 km from Srinagar, Kashmir; the last 46 kms of journey must be covered by foot. Cave altitude: 12,729 ft. Cold temperatures make the trek more difficult


KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; paths; mountains; rivers; bridges


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims stopping by the river to bath

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; paths; mountains; rivers; ablutions


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims by the campfire at night, with baby


VIEW:
Ext.: facing South; elderly woman being carried in a sedan chair

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; paths; sedan chairs; tents


VIEW:
Ext.: facing South; pilgrim camp on the way to Amarnāth


VIEW:
Ext.: facing North towards cave; pilgrims bathing at Sheshnag

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; paths; rivers; confluences; bathers

NOTES:
A major Hindu pilgrimage site, ocated 142 km from Srinagar, Kashmir; the last 46 kms of journey must be covered by foot. Cave altitude: 12,729 ft. Bathing at junction of streams from Shesnag and Astanmarg marks second stage of pilgrimage


KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; paths; rivers; tents


VIEW:
Ext. view facing Northwest towards entrance to cave with pilgrims

NOTES:
Amarnāth cave temple houses the waxing and waning ice lingam of Sri Amareshwara (Shiva). Thousands of pilgrims trek to site for festival of full moon of Sawan (July-Aug)


VIEW:
Ext. view facing Northwest from a distance


VIEW:
Ext. view facing Northwest with pilgrims bathing at confluence of streams

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; caves; bathing; confluences


VIEW:
Ext. view with holy men camping in foreground

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; caves; sages; tents


VIEW:
Ext. det.: entrance to cave, looking inside

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; caves; entrances; temples


VIEW:
Int.: looking to mouth of the cave with pilgrims ringing the bell

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsages; caves; entrances; bells (idiophones); temples


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims and horses at camp, sunrise


VIEW:
Sidestream enroute to Amarnāth with pilgrim


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims trekking towards Amarnāth


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims on the path with glacier in valley


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims dressing after bathing in the Amanavati River

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsage routes; rivers; bathers


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims dressing after bathing in the Amanavati River, with semi-naked women in their midst

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsage routes; rivers; bathers; women

NOTES:
Amarnāth cave temple houses the waxing and waning ice lingam of Sri Amareshwara (Shiva). Some pilgrims purchase special clothing to enter temple. In past, pilgrims entered cave without clothing.


VIEW:
Ext.: pilgrims in front of vendors selling temple offereings

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsage routes; street vendors; offerings


VIEW:
Ext.: sadhus sunning themselves after bathing in the river; clothes drying in the sun


VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to cave with long line of pilgrims

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; pilgrimsage routes; caves; temples


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the open shrine, seven sculptures representing kannis; holes are for oil lamps


VIEW:
Int.: possessed man in shackles at the temple


TITLE_1:
Chirukalathur (Aiyanar Appan Stop) Complex

VIEW:
Ext.: Aiyanar deities at the enclosure with earlier deities at foot of pedestal

KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); deities; sculpture (visual work); Aiyanar


VIEW:
Sculp. of  Madurai Viran on top of shrine at the entrance to the complex

KEYWORDS:
temples; sculpture (visual work); deities


VIEW:
Ext.: row of seven sculptures representing Kanniamman

KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); deities; sculpture (visual work)


VIEW:
Ext. det.: deity opposite Kanniamman sculptures


VIEW:
Ext.: frontal view of row of stone elephants facing Aiyanar enclosure

KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); elephants; sculpture (visual work); Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.:  Aiyanar enclosure; in the foreground is a rear view of a row of elephants


VIEW:
Ext.: partial View of the complex and entrance from the complex

KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); deities; horses; sculpture (visual work)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: pedestal with statue at the Entrance of the complex

KEYWORDS:
pedestals; sculpture (visual work); deities


VIEW:
Ext.: Vangai shrine at the entrance to the complex; Statue of Madurai Viran on the roof

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); deities


VIEW:
Ext. det.: trident (of Madurai Viran) in front of the Vangai shrine at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the complex from the entrance

KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work)


VIEW:
Ext. det: sculpture of Ganapati (Ganesha), to the right of the entrance


VIEW:
Int.: inscription on lintel of Vangai shrine at the entrance


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the complex from the Aiyanar enclosure

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); horses; pools; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Int.: priests and devotees at the shrine; deities seen in the foreground


VIEW:
Int.: view of the deities in the shrine; priest looks on


VIEW:
Int.: temple porch; sculpture of seven cheetahs, each tearing open a man.


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the temple porch, vendors and visitors


VIEW:
Int.: vendor at the temple, behind him is the rear of a sculpture of the horse


VIEW:
Ext.: visitors cooking in front of the temple


VIEW:
Ext.: women vendors outside the temple, selling offerings for the deity


VIEW:
Vendors selling snacks outside the temple


VIEW:
Ext det.: vendor outside the temple wall, selling offerings for the deity


VIEW:
Ext det.: typical votive offering - coconut, flowers, betel leaf, betel nut and camphor and fruit


KEYWORDS:
temples complexes; street vendors; pilgrims


VIEW:
Ext.: enclosure for the Navagraha (nine planets) shrine


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); elephants; vehicles; Aiyanar


VIEW:
View of temple complex from across the tank

KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); tanks (containers); temples


VIEW:
Partial view of complex, people tending cattle


VIEW:
Ext.: rear view of the Gangaiamman shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: rear view of the main shrine in the middle of the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the Gangaiamman shrine at the rear of the complex


KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); elephants; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext. view of the main shrine in the middle of the complex


VIEW:
Ext. rear view of the Gangaiamman shrine


VIEW:
Int: Priest making offerings to the deity in the shrine


VIEW:
Sculp. of Madurai Viran with devotees, guards, dogs. In front is a collection box

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work)


VIEW:
Sculp. of horses for the Aiyanar  in front of the main shrine

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); horses; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Det.: the Navagraha (Nine Planets) Shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: enclosure for the Navagraha (Nine Planets) shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: horses for the Aiyanar  in front of the main shrine


VIEW:
Ext. view of the main shrine with sculptures of Aiyanar's horses in front, two to the right, one to the left


VIEW:
Enclosure for the Arasamaram (the holy tree associated with the temple) and two stone sculptures representing Adisesha (divine serpent)


VIEW:
Ext.: Kanniamman flanked by guards, in the rear is the shrine of Gangaiamman

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); trees; temples


VIEW:
Sculpt.: two rows of sculptures representing Kanniamman


VIEW:
Sculpt.: rear view of row of horses on the roof of the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculp. of elephant facing the deity (Ganesha) in the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculp. of peacock facing the deity (Muruga) in the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculp. of elephant facing the main deity (Aiyanar Appan) in the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt: detail of Shiva and Parvati on the Bull Vehicle (Nandi) on the roof of the outer entrance of the temple

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); bulls; deities

CITATION_1:
R.D. MacDougall Diaries 1.22-24; 1.236-239


VIEW:
Sculpt: detail of Vinayaka on the Mouse Vehicle (Mooshika) on the roof of the outer entrance of the temple


VIEW:
Int: Madurai Viran in a shrine at the entrance of the complex


VIEW:
Int.: framed poster images of Ayyappa, the deity at Sabarimala (Kerala)


VIEW:
Ext. det.: alcove of Muruga with consorts in the temple complex

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); deities; alcoves; consorts


VIEW:
Sculpt.: alcove of Vinayaka in the temple complex

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); deities; alcoves


VIEW:
Sculpt: processional Aiyanar with consorts within the temple

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); deities; Aiyanar; consorts


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the main shrine in the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the entrance to the main shrine


VIEW:
Int.: view of the main shrine from the outer entrance

KEYWORDS:
colonnades; sculpture (visual work); temples; shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: alcove of Muruga with consorts in the temple complex

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); alcoves; deities; consorts


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); alcoves; deities


VIEW:
Sculpt:  elephant facing the sanctum in the main shrine


VIEW:
Ext. det. of the dome of the main shrine

KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); sculpture (visual work)


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); deities; Aiyanar; consorts


VIEW:
Int: view of the deities in the sanctum of main shrine.

NOTES:
Isvara in the centre. In the foreground is Aiyanar with two wives. On the right is processional deity of Aiyanar. On the left are other processional deities probably consorts.


VIEW:
Ext. view of a small Aiyanar shrine opposite the main temple complex


VIEW:
Int.: Aiyanar and wives in a mandapam near the main sanctum

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); shrines (structures); deities; elephants; offerings; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Int.: sculptures in a small Aiyanar shrine

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: sculptures in a small Aiyanar shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: political advertisement for Tamil Party (Its symbol is two leaves)


VIEW:
Ext.: sculpture of Madurai Viran at the entrance to the complex with dog, arrack bottles. The older Madurai Viran is in the background with horses

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); temples; shrines (structures); deities; horses


VIEW:
Ext.: sculpted horses  near the entrance to the complex

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); horses; temples


VIEW:
Ext.: broken horse and Aiyanar in the temple complex

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); deities; horses; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Det.: sculptural deities representing Aiyanar flanked by wives Poikile and Ponni


VIEW:
Det: representation of an elephant facing the Aiyanar deity


VIEW:
Ext: horses near the entrance to the complex


NOTES:
near Temple 5. R.D. MacDougall Diaries 1.17 refers to it as "Big Amman Temple"


VIEW:
Ext.: sculpture of a horse at the entrance to the complex

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work); horses


VIEW:
Ext. view of the enclosure/shrine of Aiyanar

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; ruins; shrines (structures); Aiyanar


VIEW:
Rear view of the enclosure /shrine of Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: Madurai Viran at the entrance of the complex

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work)


VIEW:
Ext. view of the complex from the entrance


VIEW:
Ext.: Madurai Viran and horses at the entrance of the complex


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Aiyanar and his two wives at the shrine

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); deities; Aiyanar


KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); deities; sculpture (visual work); ruins; Aiyanar


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); plaques (flat objects)

NOTES:
The plaque has details about who donated the money (1939)


VIEW:
Ext.: horse at the entrance to the complex

KEYWORDS:
temples; sculpture (visual work); horses


VIEW:
Ext.: Madurai Viran and horses at the entrance

KEYWORDS:
temples; sculpture (visual work); horses; deities


VIEW:
Det. representation of the Aiyanar deity before the current one was installed.

KEYWORDS:
temples; sculpture (visual work); deities; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Sculpt: Aiyanar and his two wives at the shrine


VIEW:
Det.: three stones facing the Aiyanar shrine

KEYWORDS:
temples; sculpture (visual work); stone; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: children gathered around Aiyanar's horse, behind the main shrine

KEYWORDS:
children; sculpture (visual work); horses; Aiyanar

CITATION_1:
R.D. MacDougall Diaries 1.27, 1.28,1.231


VIEW:
Sculpt: detail of sculpture on top of the main shrine; Shiva, Parvati and Vishnu with Skanda

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); trees; tridents; deities


VIEW:
Sculpt: detail of sculpture on top of the main shrine; Shiva.


VIEW:
Sculpt: detail of sculpture on top of the main shrine; Aiyanar

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work)s; deities; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext. view from the road of the temple complex, school to the right


VIEW:
Ext.: horses near the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: at the Aiyanarappan shrine, ceremony for girl attaining puberty

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); children; ceremonies; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: Madurai Viran at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: view of horses at the Aiyanar complex


VIEW:
Ext.: view of Aiyanar's horse, behind the main shrine


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); horses; pilgrims


KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); tanks (containers); temples; complexes


KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work)s; horses; deities


KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work)s; deities; shrines (structures)


KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work)s; deities; shrines (structures); horses


VIEW:
View from the road of the temple complex, school to the right


VIEW:
Sculpt: View of Aiyanar's horse, behind the main shrine

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work); horses; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Sculpt: Horses near the entrance to the complex, Madurai Viran in the background

KEYWORDS:
temples; horses; sculpture (visual work)


VIEW:
Sculpt: Madurai Viran at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: Bricks for cooking pongal (rice dish) as offering. In the background are broken horses


VIEW:
View of the complex from across the tank

KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); temples; shrines (structures)


NOTES:
The writing says, "This temple was built by residents of Ucchimedukilpuram on 12 June 1981"


VIEW:
Ext.: Madurai Viran, old and new, lying beside them are broken horses


VIEW:
Ext.: old Aiyanars in a newly built enclosure


VIEW:
Det.: Sign engraved on the wall of the enclosure

NOTES:
"This enclosure was built by K Sundaramurthy on 9th June 1981"


KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); shrines (structures)


KEYWORDS:
reservoirs (water distribution structures); sculpture (visual work)


NOTES:
Sign says "S Muthukmaraswami reddiar sponsored construction of the shed in 1974"


VIEW:
Ext.: view of horses; in the far distance center is a drummer

KEYWORDS:
horses; deities; sculpture (visual work)s


VIEW:
Ext.: view Madurai Viran, with Bhumi Ammal and Parvadairyan and horses


VIEW:
Ext.: Madurai Viran, with Bhumi Ammal and Parvadairyan


VIEW:
Ext. det: outlet for ceremonial bath water of the deity

KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); tanks (containers)


VIEW:
Bricks for cooking pongal (rice dish) as offering.


VIEW:
Ext. view of sculptures at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: People in conversation at the shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: Priest at the enclosure for Madurai Viran

NOTES:
The writing at the base requests devotees not to brake coconuts on the road as it endangers passers-by.


VIEW:
Det.: Priest at the enclosure for Madurai Viran


VIEW:
Int.: devotee paying obeisance to Madurai Viran


VIEW:
Ext.: devotee paying obeisance to Madurai Viran


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees at open shrine to Ganesha, outside main temple

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); Ganesha; temples; people; devotees


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees and drummers inside the Palani temple complex


VIEW:
Ext. of temple complex with horse sculpture


VIEW:
Ext. devotee at open shrine to Ganesha, outside main temple


VIEW:
Ext.: portrait of a family at Palani Temple


VIEW:
Ext. det. of shrine with sculpture of Aiyanar and wives


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); deities; relief's; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: shrine of Saptakannis, horse facing the saptakannis is seen in the foreground


CURRENT LOCATION:
Kuditangichavadi Rd (Nellikuppam), Cuddalore District

VIEW:
Ext.: view of the temple complex; statues of a sage and Meikappalar along with horses


VIEW:
Ext.: devotee at the entrance, taking sacred ash. In the background is the statue of  Madurai Viran


VIEW:
Ext. view of the main Aiyanar shrine; trident in front and elephant facing the shrine

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; shrines (structures); Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: temple complex; view of Madurai Viran and his horse

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work)s; horses


VIEW:
Sculp: Horse near the Madurai Viran statue


VIEW:
Sculp: Madurai Viran, with guards, dog, arrack jars. In the foreground are two tridents


VIEW:
Sculp: Meikappalar near the entrance to the complex, in the background is the statue of Madurai Viran

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work)s; deities


VIEW:
Sculp: of a sage near the entrance to the complex, in the background is the statue of Madurai Viran


VIEW:
Sculp: Madurai Viran, with guards, dog, arrack jars; in the foreground are two tridents


KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; sculpture (visual work)s


VIEW:
Sculp: Elephant facing the main Aiyanar shrine

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work); elephants; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Sculp: Horses at the entrance to the complex. Also seen are collection box, ledge to light oil lamps and dish for sacred ash and vermillion


KEYWORDS:
temples; horses; shrines (structures); Aiyanar


CURRENT LOCATION:
Konjikuppam, Kadampuliyur (Banruti), Cuddalore D.

VIEW:
Ext. view of entrance to the closed complex; guards and collection box  and trident in the foreground

CITATION_1:
R.D. MacDougall Diaries Bk.1.58-59; 2.206


VIEW:
Ext.: Virabadran and guards; Aiyanar's horse; in the foreground are trident and spear; in the background are row of horses


VIEW:
Ext.: Aiyanar's horse; the new and the old.


VIEW:
Ext. view of the temple complex from the inside; at the far end is the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: Virabadran and guards; Aiyanar's horse


CURRENT LOCATION:
Mayathur, Themoor (Kattumannarkoil), Cuddalore District

VIEW:
Sculp: Vinayaka in an alcove to the left of the entrance to the temple; below is his mount the Mouse

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); mice


VIEW:
Sculp: Muruga in an alcove to the right of the entrance to the temple; below is his mount the Peacock

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work); peacocks


VIEW:
Int.: priest at the inner entrance, which is flanked by dwarapalakas


VIEW:
Ext.: horses and an elephant for the Aiyanar, with guards inside the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the side corridor of the temple; in the courtyard are sculptures of Aiyanar's horses and guards

KEYWORDS:
porticoes; columns (architectural elements); Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext. view of the outer precincts of the temple. In the background are a well and trees - neem and nandiyavattai


VIEW:
Ext. view of the rear of the temple complex. sculpture of the Aiyanar's elephant; also seen are the temple kitchens


VIEW:
Int. view of the sanctum in the  main shrine; in the foreground is a collection box and a picture of Aiyappa


VIEW:
Ext. outer entrance to the temple; sculpture of Aiyanar's horse in front


VIEW:
Ext.: Aiyanar's horse outside the temple


VIEW:
Ext. det. of the sculpture on roof of temple. Represents Aiyanar and wife


VIEW:
Int.: deity in the main sanctum, Aiyanar and consort

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); deities; Aiyanar; consorts


CURRENT LOCATION:
Porthamkudy, Thiruneduchery/Srineduchery (Kattumannarkoil), Cuddalore Dist.


VIEW:
Sculp: elephants at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the Madurai Viran shrine; sculptures of horses in the foreground. In the centre is a trident and spear facing the main Aiyanar shrine (not seen here)


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); deities; dogs; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: partial view of the complex from the Aiyanar shrine

KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); horses; elephants


VIEW:
Ext.: side view of the wall of the Aiyanar shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: rear portion of the Aiyanar shrine


KEYWORDS:
temples; domes (dome components); horses


VIEW:
Sculp: elephant at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Sculp: horses at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: horses at the entrance to the complex


CITATION_1:
R.D. MacDougall Diaries Bk.1.74-77, 262-264


CURRENT LOCATION:
Pumanavelli, Perambattu (Chidambaram), Cuddalore District

VIEW:
Ext.: Vettiyan, the drummer at one end of the complex


VIEW:
Det.: Madurai Viran with wives and policemen

KEYWORDS:
temples; statues; deities; Aiyanar; police


VIEW:
Ext.: alcove containing sculpture of Vinayaka; facing the deity is a sculpture of the Mouse vehicle


VIEW:
Ext.: partial view of the structures in the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext.: alcove for lighting lamp; sculpture of Tamil Nadu policeman beside it; located by the road at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext.: sculpture of Aiyappaswamy with tiger


VIEW:
Ext.: priest with sculpture of Aiyappaswamy with tiger


VIEW:
Det.: stones representing Shiva and Parvati


VIEW:
Ext: seven stones representing Kanniamman; in front is the stone representing Madurai Viran


VIEW:
Ext.: broken horse heads and bricks in surrounding landscape


VIEW:
Det.: seven stones representing Kanniamman


CITATION_1:
R.D. MacDougall Diaries Bk.1.85-89, 227;2.125


VIEW:
Ext.: Madurai Viran with Vellaiamman and Ponniamman, guards and dogs


VIEW:
Ext.: view of Minnerya and Muniandavar, with dogs on leash for hunting


VIEW:
Ext.: horse; at the base is a woman dancing karagam, with drummer, musician and guardsman. On the left, Minnerya and muniandavar. In front is the shulam (spear)


VIEW:
Int: Aiyanar and consorts at the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculp: Aiyappa on the roof of the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculp: Madurai Viran with Vellaiamman and Ponniamman, guards and dogs


VIEW:
Sculp: alcove with sculpture of evil spirit called Pechaiyi or Katteri that sucks the blood of children


VIEW:
Sculp: Minnerya and muniandavar, with dogs on leash for hunting


VIEW:
Sculp: detail of the karagam dancer and musicians


CURRENT LOCATION:
Pudupatti (Madurai North), Madurai District

VIEW:
Sculpt.: Madurai Viran within the temple precincts


VIEW:
Ext. view of the roof of the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Vinayaka, Valmpuri Vinayaka at the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Aiyanar and consort in the sanctum


VIEW:
Sculpt.: relief of Gajalakshmi on lintel of the sanctum


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); temples; porticoes; deities; sculpture (visual work)s; elephants


VIEW:
Ext.: view of horse at the entrance of the complex; in the foreground is a sculpture of Nandi (Bull Vehicle) facing the shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the top of the main shrine

KEYWORDS:
śikharas; roofs; domes (dome components)


VIEW:
Int.: view of main sanctum; sculptures of Vinayaka and Muruga flanking the entrance


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Pattaikaruppar, located at the edge of temple for Harijans


VIEW:
Int: deity at the minor shrine, Mandira Karuppan


VIEW:
Ext.: priests and devotees at a minor shrine inside the complex

KEYWORDS:
priests; devotees; temples; shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Sculp: Horse and Elephants at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the entrance and the elephant sculpture from within the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the shrines inside the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of elephant sculpture facing the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculp: Minnerya at the entrance to the complex


VIEW:
Sculp: Vellamuniswaran with tiger; horse for Aiyanar


VIEW:
Sculp: detail of the base of the horse; guard, King Harishcnadra, Mohanarajan, Mohini, Chndaramdu, Kalakandaraiyar

KEYWORDS:
horses; deities; kings (people); queens (people)


VIEW:
Sculp: detail of the base of the horse; Brahma and guard


VIEW:
Sculp: Kadumbaya with Vellacchi and Vadakkachi


VIEW:
Ext.: shrine of Karuppayya, row of horses


VIEW:
Sculp: Detail of the base of the elephant; Musician, Dancer


VIEW:
Sculp:  Older statues of Pecchaiyamman, Kaliamman


VIEW:
Ext. view of the complex; to the left is the main shrine, to the right is the shrine of Karuppaya

KEYWORDS:
horses; shrines (structures); domes (dome components)


VIEW:
Ext. view of complex; left to right: Munnodiyan, Pecchaiyamman, Kaliamman and Horse


KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; horses; deities; shrines (structures); tigers


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); temples; tigers; deities


VIEW:
Ext. view of temple; Vellamuniswaran with tiger in foreground


VIEW:
Ext. view of main Shrine, Karuppaya's shrine; in the foreground is Adaikkalamkathavan on horse

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; horses; temples; shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Sculp:  Pecchaiyamman, Kaliamman and horse; in the far left are the older statues


CURRENT LOCATION:
Adappanvayal, Thirugokarnam (Pudukkottai) Pudukkottai District


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work)s; elephants; deities


VIEW:
Sculp: Madurai Viran outside the main shrine

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work)s; deities


VIEW:
Sculp: elephant with smaller elephant and horse facing the main shrine inside the complex


VIEW:
Sculp: Krishna on the roof of main shrine


VIEW:
Ext. det. of Aiyanar and wives on roof of main shrine


VIEW:
Ext. det.: hole in the wall shaped like a conch


VIEW:
Ext. det.: sculptures and dome on the main shrine

KEYWORDS:
domes (dome components); sculpture (visual work)s


VIEW:
Ext.: elephant and bull facing the main shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: elephant facing the main shrine, temple well in the distance


VIEW:
Ext. view of the entrance to the main shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: newly married couple; evil eye ceremony


VIEW:
Ext.: newly married couple circumambulating elephant


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Kali in the Rudratandavam stance at the base of the giant horse sculpture


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Vishnu at the base of the giant horse sculpture


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Brahma at the base of the giant horse sculpture


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Aiyanar at the base of the giant horse sculpture


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Mohini at the base of the giant horse sculpture


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Brahma, Vishnu, Mohini and Aiyanar at the base of the giant horse sculpture


VIEW:
Sculpt.: worshippers and musicians at the base of giant horse sculpture


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Narakasuran at the base of the giant horse sculpture


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Arakan performing sacrifice at the base of the giant horse sculpture


CURRENT LOCATION:
Madapuram, Thirupuvanam (Papanasam), Thanjavur District

TITLE_1:
Arulmigu Adaikalam Kartha Aiyanar Koil /Bathirakaliamman Thirukkoil

VIEW:
Ext.: entrance to the temple complex; ticket office

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; entrances; ticket offices

CITATION_1:
R. D, MacDougall Diaries Bk.1.146-147;2.10-12


VIEW:
Ext.: minor shrines within the temple complex

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; devotees; shrines (structures); pilgrims


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); temples; devotees; pilgrims


VIEW:
Ext. view of minor shrines dedicated to Alagappanayakar, Chinnaddiiki, Chinnagangadhar, Arasapparaja, Bell Tower

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); bells (idiophones); towers


VIEW:
Ext. view of the main shrine; also seen are the collection box to the left and part of the Bathirakaliamman shrine to the right

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work)s; devotees; pilgrims; boxes (containers)


VIEW:
Ext.: rear view of the Vinayaka shrine in the complex; in the background is the sculpture of the horse and Kali shrine

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); śikharas; sculpture (visual work)s; horses; Kali; deities; pilgrims; devotees


VIEW:
Ext.: open shrine of Bathirakaliamman and sculpture of horse

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work)s; horses; deities


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); sculpture (visual work)s; horses; deities; pilgrims


VIEW:
Ext.: open shrine of Bathirakaliamman and sculpture of horse; in the background is the Vinayaka shrine


KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; devotees; temples; shrines (structures); horses; festivals


VIEW:
Ext. festival at the temple; view of sculpture of horse

KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; deities; horses; garlands; festivals


KEYWORDS:
pilgrims; deities; horses; offerings; festivals


VIEW:
Ext.: view of open shrine of Bhadrakaliamman during festival


VIEW:
Ext.: festival at the temple; view of sculpture of horse


VIEW:
Ext.view of colonnade leading to the sanctum

KEYWORDS:
temples; colonnades; columns (architectural elements)


VIEW:
Sculp: detail of musicians and dancers at the base of the horse


VIEW:
Ext. det.: signage carrying name of the sculptors: T R Narayananagalinga Sthapathi (Kandaramanickam, Ramnad District)


VIEW:
Ext. view of the entrance to the temple complex


VIEW:
Sculp: row of horses outside the temple complex


VIEW:
Int.: priest and devotee at the main sanctum


VIEW:
Ext. view of the entrance to the temple complex; Sculpture of horse outside


VIEW:
Ext. view of the hall adjoining the main shrine


VIEW:
Ext. view of the colonnade around the main shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: minor shrines in the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext.: Gajalakshmi on the roof of the entrance


VIEW:
Ext.: Saptakanni, old Aiyanar from the sanctum


VIEW:
Ext. det.: Gajalakshmi on the roof of the entrance


VIEW:
Ext. det: Gajalakshmi on the roof of the entrance


VIEW:
Ext. view of the vimana of the main shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: sculpture of Dwarapalaka outside the main sanctum


VIEW:
Sculp: detail of the face of the horse outside the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the main shrine with colonnade


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the entrance to the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the entrance to the temple complex; sculpture of horse outside


VIEW:
Sculp: base of the horse outside the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext.: Muniswarar Shrine and Saptakanni in the rear of the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext.: sculpture of Saptakanni, old Aiyanar from the sanctum


VIEW:
Int.: Dwarapalaka outside the main sanctum


VIEW:
Int.: deity in the main sanctum: Aiyanar and wives


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Elephant facing the main shrine; behind is the row of kannis, to the left a sage.


KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work)s; horses; deities


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Aiyanar, Muniappan and votive to Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the sculptures in the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the Aiyanar sculptures on the South side, facing the entrance to the temple

KEYWORDS:
Aiyanar; temples; walls; sculpture (visual work)s

CITATION_2:
Harman, W.P.; The Sacred Marriage of a Hindu Goddess; Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press; 1989; Kroch Library Asia; BL1225.M48 H29 1989

CITATION_3:
Kannikeswaran, K.; Madurai - Annual Festival; <http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/Madurai/festival1.html> ;31 July 2006


VIEW:
Ext.: view of dome of the Aiyanar shrine

KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); domes (dome components)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Aiyanar and consorts Poornambal and Pushpambal

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work)s; Aiyanar; consorts


VIEW:
Ext. det. of sculptures on the dome of main shrine


KEYWORDS:
temples; sculpture (visual work); niches


VIEW:
Ext.: sculptures of Periyaaiyanar, Chinna Aiyanar Mariammman and shelter for parrot

KEYWORDS:
temples; sculpture (visual work); Aiyanar; niches


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Periyaaiyanar, Chinna Aiyanar Mariammman


VIEW:
Sculpt.: statue of Perumal (Andavar), Vinayaka and shelter for parrot


KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); horses; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: partial view of the complex from the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: horses at the edge of the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the Aiyanar and consort, Aiyammal in main shrine


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the temple complex from the rear. In the background is the tiled roof of the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: horses and elephants at the rear of the shrine


VIEW:
Ext. view of pedestal, unfinished, for a proposed Aiyanar enclosure


VIEW:
Ext. view of pedestal, unfinished, for a proposed Aiyanar enclosure, with horse and elephant sculptures


VIEW:
Sculpt.: stone heads in memory of deceased

KEYWORDS:
sculpture (visual work)s; heads (representations)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Madurai Viran at the edge of the complex


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); elephants; domes (dome components); horses

CITATION_1:
R. D, MacDougall Diaries Bk. 1.186;2.46-49


VIEW:
Ext.: devotee making offerings to Madurai Viran

KEYWORDS:
devotees; deities; sculpture (visual work)s; offerings


VIEW:
Ext.: devotee making offerings to the older statue of  Madurai Viran


VIEW:
Ext. view of the main structures in the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of Aiyanar shrine (left), Madurai Viran and consort (right), elephants (centre)

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; horses; deities; Aiyanar; consorts


VIEW:
Sculpt.: row of elephants facing the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: deities in the main shrine, Aiyanar and consorts


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Aiyappa on elephant (right); Aiyanar (left)


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the main shrine, in the foreground is sculpture of elephant facing the deity


VIEW:
Ext. view of the main shrine; behind is the temple well


VIEW:
Ext.: Idumban Koil and sculpture of horses in the complex


VIEW:
Ext. view of the temple complex: kitchen (left), main shrine (centre)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: elephant facing the main shrine


KEYWORDS:
temples; shrines (structures); horses; deities


VIEW:
Ext. view of the front of the complex, from the main shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Viravar at the entrance to the shrine


VIEW:
Sculpt.: Thoundikarar at the entrance to the shrine


VIEW:
Int.: sanctum containing sculptures of Aiyanar and consorts


VIEW:
Ext.: performance hall in the temple complex


VIEW:
Ext. view with horse; at the base are Krishna and Radha


VIEW:
Ext. view with horse; at the base are Muruga with consort and Peacock Vehicle

KEYWORDS:
temples; complexes; horses; deities; consorts; peacocks


VIEW:
Ext. view from the main shrine with horses


VIEW:
Int.: Aiyanar and consorts at the main shrine; behind left is the older Aiyanar sculpture


VIEW:
Ext. view of the complex; in the foreground is collection box


VIEW:
Ext.: view of the Aiyanar temple complex from the road


VIEW:
Ext. Det.: kolam rangoli style; floor design with rice flour


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees lined up with offerings to processional deity


VIEW:
Ext.: priest offers arathi to processional deity

KEYWORDS:
devotees; offerings; processions; deities; priests


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees prostrate before the processional deity


VIEW:
Ext.: processional deity on elephant being ferried on bullock cart

KEYWORDS:
devotees; processions; deities; elephants; bullocks


KEYWORDS:
shrines (structures); śikharas; deities; devotees


VIEW:
Sculpt.: horses at the Solai Andavar Muniswarar temple


VIEW:
Ext.: shrine of Padinettampadi Karuppan; sculpture of Aiyanar's horse

KEYWORDS:
horses; deities; devotees; shrines (structures)


VIEW:
Sculpt.: sculpture of Aiyanar's horse in front of Padinettampadi Karuppan


VIEW:
Sculpt.: detail of horse in front of Padinettampadi Karuppan


VIEW:
Int.: enclosure of Kaliammal, behind is the main shrine, also seen temple well


VIEW:
Ext.: horse and elephant sculptures taken on procession


VIEW:
Ext.: chicken  being offered for sacrifice

KEYWORDS:
horses; processions; pilgrims; devotees; chickens


VIEW:
Sculpt.: woman prostrating before the horses


VIEW:
Ext.: horses being readied for procession


KEYWORDS:
horses; processions; devotees; pilgrims; elephants


VIEW:
Ext.: procession of horses and elephant approaching the temple

KEYWORDS:
horses; processions; devotees; pilgrims; elephants; temples; parasols


KEYWORDS:
horses; processions; devotees; pilgrims; elephants; temple


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees before the commencement of the procession


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees receive blessings from the priest


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees at the enclosure of the processional horses


KEYWORDS:
women; children; paintings; kolam; offerings; priests; parasols


KEYWORDS:
women; children; paintings; kolam; offerings


VIEW:
Ext.: women and girls with offerings in utensils placed on floor design created with rice flour


VIEW:
Ext.: offerings in utensils placed on floor design created with rice flour


KEYWORDS:
devotees; shrines (structures); deities; idols


VIEW:
Ext.: woman makes offering (Arathi) to the procession


VIEW:
Int.: Vinayaka, processional deity in mandapa


VIEW:
Ext.: mandapa housing processional deities


VIEW:
Int.: processional deities in mandapa with priest


KEYWORDS:
mandapas; deities; elephants; priests; Aiyanar


VIEW:
Ext.: devotees lift the Amman idol for the procession


VIEW:
Int.: priests and devotees standing in the temple


TITLE_1:
Pullaiyadam Koil/Solai Andavar Aiyanar Koil


VIEW:
Ext.: procession of deities through the town

KEYWORDS:
processions; deities; palanquins; priests; parasols; devotees


VIEW:
Ext.: procession of deities arrives at the temple

KEYWORDS:
processions; deities; temples;  priests; parasols; devotees


VIEW:
Int.: priest offering arathi to the processional deities


VIEW:
Ext.: residents pray as the procession passes


KEYWORDS:
processions; priests; deities; temples; parasols; devotees


