@article{iwasaki_notes_1937,
	title = {{SOME} {NOTES} {ON} {SAND} {FILTRATION} [with {Discussion}]},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {0003-150X},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/41231759},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2016-10-03},
	journal = {Journal (American Water Works Association)},
	author = {Iwasaki, Tomihisa and Slade, J. J. and Stanley, Wm. E.},
	year = {1937},
	pages = {1591--1602},
	file = {JSTOR Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\5RADQFWB\\Iwasaki et al. - 1937 - SOME NOTES ON SAND FILTRATION [with Discussion].pdf:application/pdf}
}

@article{ives_rapid_1970,
	title = {Rapid filtration},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {0043-1354},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0043135470900680},
	doi = {10.1016/0043-1354(70)90068-0},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-10-03},
	journal = {Water Research},
	author = {Ives, K. J},
	month = mar,
	year = {1970},
	pages = {201--223},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\UIM8SBZF\\0043135470900680.html:text/html}
}

@article{santos_modeling_2015,
	title = {Modeling {Deep} {Bed} {Filtration} {Considering} {Limited} {Particle} {Retention}},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0169-3913, 1573-1634},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11242-015-0496-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s11242-015-0496-7},
	abstract = {The classic deep bed filtration model (CDBFM) has been widely used for predicting transport and retention of particulate suspensions in porous media. In the CDBFM, the filtration coefficient function is assumed to be dependent of the retained particle concentration, and the boundary conditions are fixed at the porous media inlet cross section. However, if particle retention is limited, no more retention occurs (filtration coefficient equals zero) in regions where maximum retention (jamming limit) is reached. In this article, a model for deep bed filtration considering limited retention is proposed and analytical solutions are obtained. In cases where jamming limit is reached, the well-known CDBFM and the proposed model significantly differ from each other. Contrary to the CDBFM solutions, the obtained solutions show that concentrations along porous media are highly influenced by maximum retention front, which propagates with velocity independent of filtration coefficient.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-10-03},
	journal = {Transp Porous Med},
	author = {Santos, A. and Araújo, J. A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {697--712},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\FZPE8CSG\\Santos and Araújo - 2015 - Modeling Deep Bed Filtration Considering Limited P.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\HH3VKJ4A\\10.html:text/html}
}

@article{botari_proposal_2015,
	title = {Proposal for initial collection efficiency models for direct granular upflow filtration},
	volume = {37},
	copyright = {Direitos autorais},
	issn = {1807-8664},
	url = {http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/ActaSciTechnol/article/view/24913},
	doi = {10.4025/actascitechnol.v37i2.24913},
	abstract = {Mathematical models of the filtration process are based on the mass balance in the filter bed. Models of the filtration phenomenon describe the mass balance in bed filtration in terms of particle removal mechanisms, and allow for the determination of global particle removal efficiencies. This phenomenon is defined in terms of the geometry and the characteristic elements of granule collectors, particles and fluid, and the composition of the balance of forces that act in the particle collector system. This type of resolution is well known as the trajectory analysis theory. Particle trajectory analysis by mathematical correlation of the dimensionless numbers that represent fluid and particle characteristics is considered the main approach for mathematically modeling the initial collection efficiency of particle removal in water filtration. The existing initial collection efficiency models are designed for downflow filtration. This study analyzes initial collection efficiency models, and proposes an adaptation of these models to direct upflow filtration in a granular bed of coarse sand and gravel, taking into account the contribution of the gravitational factor of the settling removal efficiency in the proposal of initial collection efficiency models.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2016-10-03},
	journal = {Acta Scientiarum. Technology},
	author = {Botari, Alexandre and Bernardo, Luiz Di and Dantas, Angela Di Bernardo},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	keywords = {drinking water., mass balance, mathematical modeling, trajectory analysis},
	pages = {193--202},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\F6RMV3XW\\Botari et al. - 2015 - Proposal for initial collection efficiency models .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\ENJ236WI\\24913.html:text/html}
}

@article{jegatheesan_deep_2005,
	title = {Deep {Bed} {Filtration}: {Mathematical} {Models} and {Observations}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1064-3389},
	shorttitle = {Deep {Bed} {Filtration}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380500326432},
	doi = {10.1080/10643380500326432},
	abstract = {Numerous mathematical models have been developed to evaluate both initial and transient stage removal efficiency of deep bed filters. Microscopic models either using trajectory analysis or convective-diffusion equations were used to compute the initial removal efficiency. These models predicted the removal efficiency under favorable filtration conditions quantitatively, but failed to predict the removal efficiency under unfavorable conditions. They underestimated the removal efficiency under unfavorable conditions. Thus, semi-empirical formulations were developed to compute initial removal efficiencies under unfavorable conditions. Also, correction for the adhesion of particles onto filter grains improved the results obtained for removal efficiency from the trajectory analysis. Macroscopic models were used to predict the transient stage removal efficiency of deep bed filters. The O'Melia and Ali[1] model assumed that the particle removal is due to filter grains as well as the particles that are already deposited onto the filter grain. Thus, semi-empirical models were used to predict the ripening of filtration. Several modifications were made to the model developed by O'Melia and Ali to predict the deterioration of particle removal during the transient stages of filtration. Models considering the removal of particles under favorable conditions and the accumulation of charges on the filter grains during the transient stages were also developed. This article evaluates those models and their applicability under different operating conditions of filtration.},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2016-10-03},
	journal = {Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology},
	author = {Jegatheesan, V. and Vigneswaran, S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {collection efficiency, favorable conditions, initial stage, surface chemistry, transient stage, unfavorable conditions},
	pages = {515--569},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\CNSF7EFT\\Jegatheesan and Vigneswaran - 2005 - Deep Bed Filtration Mathematical Models and Obser.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\JG7EMXXH\\10643380500326432.html:text/html}
}

@book{benjamin_water_2013,
	address = {Hoboken, N.J.},
	title = {Water quality engineering: physical / chemical treatment processes},
	shorttitle = {Water quality engineering},
	url = {http://encompass.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/checkIP.cgi?access=gateway_standard%26url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=631668},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2016-09-16},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	author = {Benjamin, Mark and Lawler, Desmond},
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Technology.},
	annote = {Title from resource description page (Recorded Books, viewed November 21, 2013).}
}

@article{zhi_arsenicv_2016,
	title = {Arsenic({V}) {Removal} {From} {Drinking} {Water} {By} {Concurrent} {Introduction} {Of} {As} {Contaminated} {Water} {And} {Polyaluminum} {Chloride} {In} {A} {Sand} {Filter} {Medium}},
	url = {http://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/43624},
	abstract = {2021-02-01},
	language = {en\_US},
	urldate = {2016-09-16},
	author = {Zhi, Hui},
	month = feb,
	year = {2016},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\GPIZHXZ6\\43624.html:text/html}
}

@article{tufenkji_correlation_2004,
	title = {Correlation {Equation} for {Predicting} {Single}-{Collector} {Efficiency} in {Physicochemical} {Filtration} in {Saturated} {Porous} {Media}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0013-936X},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034049r},
	doi = {10.1021/es034049r},
	abstract = {A new equation for predicting the single-collector contact efficiency (η0) in physicochemical particle filtration in saturated porous media is presented. The correlation equation is developed assuming that the overall single-collector efficiency can be calculated as the sum of the contributions of the individual transport mechanismsBrownian diffusion, interception, and gravitational sedimentation. To obtain the correlation equation, the dimensionless parameters governing particle deposition are regressed against the theoretical value of the single-collector efficiency over a broad range of parameter values. Rigorous numerical solution of the convective−diffusion equation with hydrodynamic interactions and universal van der Waals attractive forces fully incorporated provided the theoretical single-collector efficiencies. The resulting equation overcomes the limitations of current approaches and shows remarkable agreement with exact theoretical predictions of the single-collector efficiency over a wide range of conditions commonly encountered in natural and engineered aquatic systems. Furthermore, experimental data are in much closer agreement with predictions based on the new correlation equation compared to other available expressions.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2016-09-16},
	journal = {Environ. Sci. Technol.},
	author = {Tufenkji, Nathalie and Elimelech, Menachem},
	month = jan,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {529--536},
	file = {ACS Full Text Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\RE9I6475\\es034049r.html:text/html}
}

@inproceedings{jegatheesan_mathematical_2003,
	address = {Townsville, QLD, Australia},
	title = {Mathematical modelling of deep bed filtration},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {restricted},
	isbn = {978-1-74052-098-0},
	url = {http://www.mssanz.org.au/MODSIM03/Volume_04/C06/07_Jegatheesan.pdf},
	abstract = {Numerous mathematical models have been developed to evaluate both initial and transient stage removal efficiency of deep bed filters. Microscopic models either using trajectory analysis or convective-diffusion equations were used to compute the initial removal efficiency. These models predicted the removal efficiency under favorable filtration conditions quantitatively, but failed to predict the removal efficiency under unfavorable conditions. They underestimated the removal efficiency under unfavorable conditions. Thus, semi-empirical formulations were developed to compute initial removal efficiencies under unfavorable conditions. Also, correction for the adhesion of particles onto filter grains improved the results obtained for removal efficiency from the trajectory analysis. Macroscopic models were used to predict the transient stage removal efficiency of deep bed filters. O’Melia and Ali’s model assumed that the particle removal is due to filter grains as well as the particles that are already deposited onto the filter grain. Thus, semi-empirical models were used to predict the ripening of filtration. Several modifications were made to the model developed by O’Melia and Ali to predict the deterioration of particle removal during the transient stages of filtration. Models considering the removal of particles under favorable conditions and the accumulation of charges on the filter grains during the transient stages were also developed. This paper evaluates those models and their applicability under different operating conditions of filtration.},
	urldate = {2016-09-16},
	publisher = {Modelling \& Simulation Society of Australia \& New Zealand},
	author = {Jegatheesan, V. and Vigneswaran, S.},
	editor = {Post, David A.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {1805--1810},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\RCE5XG5S\\7671.html:text/html}
}

@misc{bolton_point_annual_2016,
	title = {Annual {Drinking} {Water} {Quality} {Report} {\textbar} {Ithaca}, {NY} - {Official} {Website}},
	url = {http://www.cityofithaca.org/296/Annual-Drinking-Water-Quality-Report},
	urldate = {2016-09-23},
	author = {{Bolton Point} and {City of Ithaca} and {Cornell University}},
    year = {2016},
	file = {Annual Drinking Water Quality Report | Ithaca, NY - Official Website:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\RX9J2Q5R\\Annual-Drinking-Water-Quality-Report.html:text/html}
}

@article{mackie_dynamic_1987,
	title = {Dynamic modeling of deep-bed filtration},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1547-5905},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.690331102/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/aic.690331102},
	abstract = {Previous attempts to model the effect of deposition on removal efficiency in deep-bed filtration have relied heavily on the determination of empirical parameters even for monosized suspensions. A newly developed mathematical model not only significantly reduces this reliance, but takes full account of the polydispersity of suspensions. The results of eight runs on an experimental filter are compraed with the predictions of the mathematical model. Qualitative agreement is good; quantitative agreement is fair.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2016-10-03},
	journal = {AIChE J.},
	author = {Mackie, R. I. and Horne, R. M. W. and Jarvis, R. J.},
	month = nov,
	year = {1987},
	pages = {1761--1775},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\V4KRDE3H\\Mackie et al. - 1987 - Dynamic modeling of deep-bed filtration.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\4K8DD6AB\\abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{rajagopalan_trajectory_1976,
	title = {Trajectory analysis of deep-bed filtration with the sphere-in-cell porous media model},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1547-5905},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.690220316/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/aic.690220316},
	abstract = {This paper presents a model for the initial particle deposition in a deepbed filter with a sphere-in-cell porous media model used. The analysis includes all the relevant mechanisms, and the results indicate that deposition occurs under favorable surface interactions. A semiempirical expression relating collection efficiency and operating parameters is presented.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-10-03},
	journal = {AIChE J.},
	author = {Rajagopalan, Rajamani and Tien, Chi},
	month = may,
	year = {1976},
	pages = {523--533},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\WWRG8CB4\\Rajagopalan and Tien - 1976 - Trajectory analysis of deep-bed filtration with th.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\P43DAENB\\abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{tien_advances_1979,
	title = {Advances in deep bed filtration},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {1547-5905},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aic.690250502/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/aic.690250502},
	abstract = {The main problems which are relevant to a fundamental understanding of deep bed filtration are the nature of and the conditions leading to the retention of particles throughout a filter bed, the change of the filter media structure due to deposition, and its effect on filter performance. The purpose of this review is to discuss in a systematic manner the more recent advances in the investigation of all these problems. A reasonably complete understanding of the pertinent phenomena is essential for the establishment of a comprehensive deep bed filtration theory which can be used as a basis of rational design.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2016-12-02},
	journal = {AIChE J.},
	author = {Tien, Chi and Payatakes, Alkiviades C.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1979},
	pages = {737--759},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\AKT5T3NM\\Tien and Payatakes - 1979 - Advances in deep bed filtration.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\SGUAK5NG\\abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{payatakes_application_1974,
	title = {Application of porous media models to the study of deep bed filtration},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {1939-019X},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjce.5450520605/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/cjce.5450520605},
	abstract = {Two porous media models — capillaric and Brinkman — were used for the study of deep bed filtration and to calculate the filter coefficient and the pressure drop increase during the course of filtration. The filter coefficient was estimated with trajectory calculations which determine the path of particulate matters as they pass through the filter. A number of relevant forces were included and their effects determined. The Brinkman model was found to give good agreement with experimental results and the filter coefficients based on capillaric model were approximately one to two orders of magnitude lower than experimental data. Both models fail to give reasonable estimates on the pressure drop increase and the discrepancies between the model and the experimental values were two to three orders of magnitude. This is largely due to the failure of the models to distinguish the different roles played by the filter grains and by the particulate matters retained. The filter grains constitute a matrix of passages as conduits for the liquid flow, and the deposited particulate matters act primarily to modify these flow passages (i.e. to restrict the flow). Such a distinction is however not possible with the use of these models.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2016-12-02},
	journal = {Can. J. Chem. Eng.},
	author = {Payatakes, A. C. and Rajagopalan, R. and Tien, Chi},
	month = dec,
	year = {1974},
	pages = {722--731},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\9FTIB4NG\\Payatakes et al. - 1974 - Application of porous media models to the study of.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\E8ZPAM2C\\abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{rajagopalan_single_1977,
	title = {Single collector analysis of collection mechanisms in water filtration},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1939-019X},
	url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjce.5450550303/abstract},
	doi = {10.1002/cjce.5450550303},
	abstract = {A complete trajectory analysis of particle collection on single spheres, which includes all the known collection mechanisms and forces, is presented here for later experimental verification. The results show that the surface interactions between the collector and the particles have negligible influence on collection rate except to determine whether the surface conditions are favorable or unfavorable for collection. It is also evident that the hydrodynamic retardation of the particle in the neighborhood of the collector can reduce deposition significantly (by 50\% or more), but such effects may be negligible in view of the usually wide scatter of filtration data. This paper also provides examples of how the single collector analysis can be directly applied to modelling retention in packed beds. To make the work easily accessible to the readers, all the basic concepts necessary for future application of the trajectory analysis are presented clearly along with a table containing all the relevant forces and torques acting on the particle. An experimental analysis of the results reported here is presented in a subsequent publication.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2016-12-02},
	journal = {Can. J. Chem. Eng.},
	author = {Rajagopalan, R. and Tien, Chi},
	month = jun,
	year = {1977},
	pages = {246--255},
	file = {Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\4XZGUQCB\\Rajagopalan and Tien - 1977 - Single collector analysis of collection mechanisms.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\2MBHGZXB\\abstract.html:text/html}
}

@article{chang_prediction_2003,
	title = {Prediction of {Brownian} particle deposition in porous media using the constricted tube model},
	volume = {266},
	issn = {0021-9797},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979703006362},
	doi = {10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00636-2},
	abstract = {The deposition of colloidal particles onto the collector surfaces of porous media is investigated using the Brownian dynamics simulation method. The pore structure in a filter bed was characterized by the constricted tube model. The effects of various shapes of the total interaction energy curves of DLVO theory and the effects of different particle diameters on the collection efficiencies of particles are examined. The simulation results show that the particle collection efficiency is strongly dependent on the geometry of the tube and on the shape of the total interaction energy curve. In a comparison with the available experimental measurements of the filter coefficient, it is found that the present model can give a smaller discrepancy than that of the convective diffusion model in the unfavorable deposition region.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2016-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of Colloid and Interface Science},
	author = {Chang, You-Im and Chen, Shan-Chih and Lee, Eric},
	month = oct,
	year = {2003},
	keywords = {Brownian particle, Deposition, DLVO theory, Porous media},
	pages = {48--59},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\VTUXIBE2\\Chang et al. - 2003 - Prediction of Brownian particle deposition in poro.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\ZC3VSXAA\\S0021979703006362.html:text/html}
}

@article{zamani_flow_2009,
	title = {Flow of dispersed particles through porous media — {Deep} bed filtration},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {0920-4105},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920410509001430},
	doi = {10.1016/j.petrol.2009.06.016},
	abstract = {Transport of dispersed particles in liquids through porous beds is widely recognized to occur in many industrial processes. The process of particle deposition from a colloidal suspension flowing through a porous medium is usually called deep bed filtration. The goal of the process can be either filtration of the particles by the granular media or, on the contrary, avoiding the particle filtration. Physical and chemical forces between suspended particles and grains of the media (collectors), particle size, fluid velocity and grain size play vital roles in the removal of particles from a suspension. Particle deposition can change the pore morphology and consequently the porosity of the porous medium and the local pressure gradient. This can cause permeability decline and therefore, loss of productivity or injectivity of wells. This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature related to deep bed filtration theories.

Different mathematical models for evaluating both initial and transient stage of particle removal have been proposed during last decades. Trajectory analysis or convective diffusion equations have been used in microscopic modeling or so-called fundamental modeling to compute initial removal efficiency. Although these could predict the filter performance under favorable conditions but they underestimate the removal efficiency under unfavorable conditions. Hence, semi-empirical equations were developed for predicting removal efficiency under unfavorable conditions. Macroscopic or phenomenological modeling has been used to predict transient stage removal efficiency of deep bed filtration process. Predicting filter performance by this method requires the knowledge of functionality of filter coefficient. Filter coefficient can be obtained by using search optimization technique along with effluent concentration history. A review on different mathematical models for evaluating both initial and transient stage of particle removal process is presented.},
	number = {1–2},
	urldate = {2016-12-02},
	journal = {Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering},
	author = {Zamani, Amir and Maini, Brij},
	month = nov,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {deep bed filtration, Deposition, filter coefficient, Porous media, removal efficiency, suspension},
	pages = {71--88},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\SR8R3W79\\Zamani and Maini - 2009 - Flow of dispersed particles through porous media —.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\TTSDCVA5\\S0920410509001430.html:text/html}
}

@article{adelman_stacked_2012,
	title = {Stacked {Filters}: {Novel} {Approach} to {Rapid} {Sand} {Filtration}},
	volume = {138},
	issn = {0733-9372},
	shorttitle = {Stacked {Filters}},
	url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000562},
	doi = {10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000562},
	abstract = {AbstractRapid sand filters are a familiar and mature technology, but the mechanical sophistication they incorporate in industrialized nations limits their sustainable application in developing countries. Conventional rapid sand filters require pumps, elevated tanks, or multiple filter units to generate high flow rates for backwashing. Stacked rapid sand filtration is introduced here as a more robust and sustainable alternative. A stacked rapid sand filter can backwash itself with no additional flow, which eliminates the need for pumps or other expensive equipment. This study presents laboratory and field proof-of-concept demonstrations of this novel technology. The multilayer configuration of stacked rapid sand filters allowed a laboratory unit to be loaded at 1.4–1.83 mm/s (120–160 m/day) per layer and backwashed at 10–11 mm/s (860–950 m/day) with the same or similar total flow rate. The filtered effluent met U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water standards. The backwash cycle was also demonstrated, and flushing of contaminants from the sand bed was effective even with 5–10 NTU backwash water. A test stacked filter unit also demonstrated satisfactory filtration performance and effective backwashing at several water treatment plants in Honduras.},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2016-12-10},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Engineering},
	author = {Adelman, Michael J. and Weber-Shirk, Monroe L. and Cordero, Anderson N. and Coffey, Sara L. and Maher, William J. and Guelig, Dylan and Will, Jeffrey C. and Stodter, Sarah C. and Hurst, Matthew W. and Lion, Leonard W.},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {999--1008},
	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\Bobo\\AppData\\Roaming\\Zotero\\Zotero\\Profiles\\o68bcn04.default\\zotero\\storage\\ZMV5DV5I\\(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.html:text/html}
}