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\begin_layout Title
Flocculation/Sedimentation Optimization Final Report
\end_layout

\begin_layout Date
May 10, 2013
\end_layout

\begin_layout Author
Felice Chan, Eriko Inagaki, Mary John
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Introduction
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Flocculation and Sedimentation team’s primary goal this semester was
 to introduce floc recycle into AguaClara plants, to research and evaluate
 the performance of the water treatment plant as a result.
 By recycling already wasted flocs and injecting them into the system at
 the beginning of the flocculation process, collision potential will increase
 and flocs will form earlier in the process.
 Improvement in effluent turbidities was excepted.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To begin the process the team first had toreliably build a floc blanket
 using PACl as a coagulant.
 Previous teams had difficulty building floc blankets with alum due to improper
 dosing and loss of coagulant to the walls of the flocculator.
 To reduce the loss of coagulant to the walls of the tubing, the team replaced
 the rapid mix chamber with a large diameter reactor that acts as a contact
 tank with mixing provided by a hydraulic jet.
 This reactor completely mixes the raw water and coagulant before it arrives
 at the flocculator.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In order to better evaluate floc blanket behavior and floc recycle, the
 team designed and installed a backlight for the sedimentation tank, and
 a camera that can detect the height of the floc-water interface in the
 sedimentation tank.
 This allowed the team to observe floc blanket behavior while not present
 in the lab and further modify experiments as a result.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Once these preliminary actions were taken the team began introducing floc
 recycle to the plant.
 Flocs were drawn from the floc weir when a floc blanket had fully formed
 and entered into the beginning on the flocculator to allow clay to adhere
 to previously formed flocs.
 The team varied coagulant dose and up flow velocity used to build the floc
 blanket, as well as where flocs were drawn from throughout the length of
 the sedimentation tank.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The research on floc recycle in AguaClara plants this semester will result
 in the knowledge of proper coagulant dosing for the synthetic raw water
 used in the laboratory and the reliable buildup of floc blankets in sedimentati
on tanks, as well as how to optimize already wasted flocs.
 The end goal is to determine if floc recycle will enhance performance of
 AguaClarawater treatment plants, and if so, is introducing floc recycle
 into full scale AguaClara plants to optimize the water treatment process
 a realistic possibility.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Literature Review
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Coagulant: PACl vs.
 Alum
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Alum (aluminum sulfate) is a commonly used coagulant in water treatment
 plants, largely because of its low cost.
 However, there are many limitations to using alum such as its limited pH
 range, which must be between 5.5 and 6.5 for coagulation, the high residual
 aluminum levels in the treated water and the fragility of the alum floc
 produced.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Recently, aluminum-based coagulants have been developed for water treatment
 such as polyaluminum chloride, or PACl.
 PACl is an inorganic polymer coagulant that is effective over a pH range
 of 5.0 to 8.0.
 PACl is also advantageous because there is a lower residual aluminum levels
 in treated water, improved overall treated water quality and lower sludge
 production.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A jar test, comparing PACl and Alum, was performed to mimic a large sedimentatio
n plant, a short, high speed rapid mix, followed by flocculation and settling.
 After settling the samples were collected from the from the middle of the
 jar, 1 cm below the surface.
 The results show that Alum was more effective in warmer water but PACl
 still required a lower coagulant dose
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "key-4"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Upflow velocity
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The Flocculation Sedimentation Optimization team in the Spring 2012 semester
 reported that the optimal upflow velocity was determined to be 2 mm/s.
 The optimal upflow velocity was determined by varying influent turbidity
 and coagulant (Alum) dose.
 Influent turbidities were 3 and 500 NTU, and coagulant doses were 15 and
 95 mg/L, respectively.
 The experiments showed effluent turbidities below or approximately at 1
 NTU with upflow velocity of 2 mm/s.
 However, when the upflow velocity was increased to 2.25 mm/s, the effluent
 turbidity could not be maintained below 3 NTU 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "key-1"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Floc recycle
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Floc recycle is thought to improve the effluent turbidity and overall removal
 efficiency of a water treatment plant.
 The addition of wasted sludge to the beginning of the coagulation and flocculat
ion process provides more collision potential in the flocculator, thus capturing
 smaller dirt particles earlier on in the plant.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Recycling sludge was implemented with great success in a water treatment
 plant in Fort Madison, Iowa.
 Plant operators noticed very poor plant performance when the water was
 either very clean during cold weather, or at the other extreme, very dirty
 after heavy rainfall.
 The operators began continuously recycling dense sludge from the bottom
 of the sedimentation tanks using a sump pump straight into the raw water
 pipes.
 Since recycling sludge was implemented in the plant, the effluent water
 quality has improved drastically on both ends of the extreme.
 A 90% difference was seen between effluent water treated without recycle
 and water treated with sludge recycle, at the range of turbidities tested
 (2 NTU to 3000 NTU).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Plant operators also found that water taste and odor complaints were greatly
 reduced, filters in the plant could run longer and be replaced less often,
 the concentration of bacteria colonies have lowered and thus the demand
 cost for cholorination in the plant was lowered 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "key-3"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The success of floc recycle in improving effluent water quality from this
 treatment plant has led the Flocculation and Sedimentation Optimization
 team to believe that AguaClara water treatment plants can benefit from
 the addition of floc recycling into the entire plant.
 The Flocculation Sedimentation Optimization team in the Spring 2012 semester
 made several floc recycle observations.
 The observations were made with recycle ratio of 0.10 of the plant flow
 rate and influent turbidity of 3 NTU.
 The team varied coagulant dose when floc recycle started since coagulant
 contributes significantly to the AguaClara operating costs.
 By treating 3 NTU water with 3, 5, 10, and 15 mg/L of Alum, it was observed
 that lower coagulant dose produced lower effluent turbidity.
 With 3 mg/L, the observed effluent turbidity was approximately 18 NTU.
 According to the results, performance worsened with floc recycle compared
 to that without floc recycle
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "key-1"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Methods
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Apparatus
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The experimental setup with the changes of the new rapid mix chamber and
 back lighting are shown below on figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Experimental-setup"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

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\end_inset


\end_layout

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\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Experimental setup
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Experimental-setup"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Specifications of the setup are shown below on table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Specification-of-experimental"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

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\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Specifications of experimental setup
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Cleaning
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The first step this team took this semester was to clean out the apparatus.
 Over the winter break it had collected mold and was unable to operate.
 The team drained all the water in the tubing and then flushed a solution
 of water and chlorine through the apparatus to kill all mold and to remove
 the coagulant from the walls of the tubing.
 Small pieces of sponge were flushed through the flocculator to remove coagulant
 and clay that was still stuck on the walls of the tubing.
 Finally, the team ran clean water to remove any of the chlorine solution
 left in the tubes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After every experiment, the team drained the sedimentation tank and cleaned
 the built up flocs in the flocculator.
 Basic cleaning of the flocculator includes scraping the tubing to loosen
 dirt and coagulant stuck to the walls, and flushing out all of the loosened
 sediment into a bucket.
 Any clogged or dirty tubes werereplaced routinely; however, the team dicussed
 replacing the entire flocculator with a new but similar tubing or even
 changing the tubing to a larger diameter or hydrophobic tubing to avoid
 having to clean the tubing frequently.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Calibration of peristaltic pumps
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team calibrated the peristaltic pumps to deliver the correct flow rates
 for the coagulant and the raw water (
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{W}$
\end_inset

).
 The team tested with 5% and 80% of the maximum flow rate that the pumps
 could handle.
 Since the maximum flow rate for the pumps in the team was 100 rpm, the
 calibration values were 5 rpm and 80 rpm.
 The team calibrated at 80 rpm since pumps ran at 100 rpm when calibrating
 at 95 rpm.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Although the raw water pump was calibrating correctly, the coagulant pump
 was not delivering the correct values after saving the calibration values.
 Therefore, the team changed the stamp box location of the coagulant pump
 from 1 to 5.
 With this change, the coagulant pump was calibrated correctly.
 However, when Process Controller was closed and reopened again after saving
 the calibrated values, Process Controller lost the calibrated data.
 Process Controller saved the values in the correct folders, but did not
 import those values when it was reopened.
 It was determined that the program for Process Controller was written in
 a way where it searches for the calibration values in each stamp box, starting
 at 0.
 When it does not detect any calibration values for the next stamp box,
 it would stop importing calibration values.
 In this case, the raw water pump was plugged into stamp box 0 and coagulant
 pump was plugged into stamp box 5.
 Process Controller imported the calibration values for the raw water pump;
 however, it did not import the calibration values for the coagulant pump
 since there were no calibration values for stamp box 1 through 4.
 This problem was fixed by manually editing the saved calibration file.
 Calibration values for stamp box 1 to 4 were all set to zero.
 This problem also should be fixed in the new version of Process Controller.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Pressure build up and leaking
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
During the course of a few experiments, water had been leaking from the
 very top of the tube that was open to the air, connected to the plate settler
 at the top of the sedimentation tank.
 Water level rose up in the sedimentation tank and was unable to drain down
 the tube from the plate settler into the effluent turbidimeter.
 Instead, the water continued to rise up the tube and leaked over the top.
 Originally, it was thought that there was a clog in the tubing between
 the plate settler and the turbidimeter.
 When the tubing was taken apart and washed out there were no clogs and
 the leaking was still happening.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
One hypothesis was that too much air was coming in the top of the tubing
 and building up pressure in the tubing leading to the effluent turbidimeter.
 Instead of being able to flow freely through the tubing and out to the
 sink, the water was building up on top of trapped air and eventually leaking
 out the top of the tubing attached to the plate settler.
 Before the final water drain into the sink there was another T-joint that
 is open to the air to relieve pressure.
 It was thought that if this t-joint was raised to the level of the tube
 that is currently leaking water, it would control the build up of pressure.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Rapid mix chamber
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This semester a rapid mix chamber was added to the experimental setup.
 It was placed just after the coagulant and raw water pumps and is used
 to fully mix the coagulant with incoming dirt particles to minimize the
 amount of coagulant lost on the walls of the flocculator.
 The team discussed the designs for a reactor with Paul Charles in the Hollister
 Machine Shop.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Paul drilled through a ¼ inch solid plastic rod and then glued stainless
 steel tubing inside the solid plastic rod (calculations and descriptions
 for the stainless steel tubing are in section 3.2.2).
 Therefore, the finished products had the necessary inner diameter for our
 hydraulic jet and the ¼ inch outer diameter to fit into the fittings of
 the rest of the tubing on the apparatus.
 This was done for two entrances, the raw water and the coagulant, to the
 raw water mixing chamber.
 This tubing was connected to the two entrances of the raw water mixing
 chamber and the rest of the plant so that raw water and coagulant would
 enter through hydraulic jets and leave the reactor completely mixed through
 a 1/4 inch tubing.
 The new rapid mix chamber with these specifications are shown below on
 figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:New-rapid-mix"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Rapid Mix Chamber.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Rapid mix chamber
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:New-rapid-mix"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team then began flowing water through the plant with the pumps to see
 if the raw water mixing chamber had any leaks and if the water could properly
 flow through the chamber into the flocculator.
 To see how the hydraulic jet diffuser was working the team attached red
 dye to the coagulant pump and observed how the liquid coming out of the
 coagulant jet was mixing with the raw water.
 The red dye diffused thoroughly throughout the reactor and then flowed
 into the flocculator.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team began running an experiment with raw water and coagulant flowing
 through their respective jets and found that within a few hours the jet
 allowing the raw water to flow into the plant was clogged.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After troubleshooting, it was determined that the water was not flowing
 through the raw water hydraulic jet into the raw water mixing tank.
 At first, it seemed that the caluclation for the inner diameter of the
 jet was incorrect; however, with further observation it was determined
 that the raw water hydraulic jet was clogged with dirt particles.
 The tube leading to the rapid mix jet was disconnected and water was flowing
 through it and the tube after the rapid mix chamber was disconnected and
 the water flowing was backwash from the flocculator.
 Therefore, it was determined that the raw water jet was clogged with clay
 particles and therefore causing the water to circulate back to the water
 supply.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team removed the stainless steel tubing and connected the rapid mix
 chamber to the plastic quarter inch tubing to allow the raw water to flow
 into the rapid mix chamber without passing through the jet.
 The coagulant is still being pumped through the jet to enhance mixing.
 The team realized that 1 m of headloss is not the ultimate constraint when
 calculating the inner diameter of the jet diffuser, it is the size of the
 clay particles flowing through the tubing.
 The next step was going to be to re-design the rapid mix chamber with a
 jet that has an inner diameter of 1.0 mm.
 The larger diameter was chosen as a safe value to allow particles through
 the inner diameter without clogging.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team confirmed that with only a coagulant diffuser and raw water flowing
 through 1/4 inch OD tubing, flocs were forming quickly in the flocculator
 and a fully formed floc blanket was building from these flocs.
 Therefore, the new 1.0 mm diameter jet was not ordered.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Back lighting for the sedimentation tank
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Back lighting for the sedimentation tank is necessary for a web camera to
 detect the floc water interface and record the height accurately.
 The team considered many different lighting options including a thin fluorescen
t tube, a solid lit panel, a diffuser over a strip of LEDs or simply LEDs
 with a detectable pattern along the back of the sedimentation tank.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The fluorescent lighting option was ruled out due to the high voltage required
 to light a fluorescent tube which can be unsafe, especially in an environment
 that contains water.
 LEDs seemed a logical choice after the voltage was taken into consideration
 and the team purchased a 48 inch (122 cm) long strip of LEDs that are contained
 in a plastic casing.
 The LED lights are red, a monocolor, which should make it easier for a
 camera to detect the floc water interface.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This light strip was ordered from LEDlight.com and the purchasing information
 is as follows:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Product ID: 48769
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Product Name: 48 Inch LED Tube Light Low Voltage 12 Volt DC Switch & Plug
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Attributes: Color - Red
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
Price: $79.99
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This red light strip was zip-tied to the back of the sedimentation tank,
 exactly opposite of the camera that will be working to detect the height
 of the floc blanket as shown on figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Zip-tied-LED-backlighting"

\end_inset

 below.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename LED ziptied resized.jpg
	scale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
LED back lighting used for optical detection of floc blanket
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Zip-tied-LED-backlighting"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team was having difficulties with the light strip being exactly parallel
 to the sedimentation tank; the floc weir interfered with the positioning
 on the back of the sedimentation tank.
 Part of the LED strip was still sticking out of the side of the sedimentation
 tank.
 The team raised the height of the sedimentation tank by extending the stand
 the clamps were attached, so the top of the light strip would fall just
 under the floc weir and exactly parallel to the sedimentation tank.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team also changed the position of the camera that was recording images
 so that it would be in front of the sedimentation tank with the light strip
 directly behind the tank.
 The camera was duct taped to the side of the computer; a sturdier way to
 attach the camera is still needed.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team added a long square strip of low density polyethylene, as shown
 in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Backlighting-with-Diffuser"

\end_inset

, which was 48 inches (1.22m) long and attached to the front of the strip
 of LED lights to act as a diffuser.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Apparatus close up.jpg
	scale 40

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Back lighting with Diffuser
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Backlighting-with-Diffuser"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The diffuser was zip-tied to the back of the sedimentation tank, in front
 of the LED light strip.
 The diffuser was necessary because the image processing algorithm that
 intends to detect the floc water interface was detecting the spaces in
 between the LEDs.
 With the installation of the diffuser, the light became equally distributed
 and illuminated the sedimentation tank evenly.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The sedimentation tank with back lighting and diffuser is shown in figure
 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Backlighting-with-Diffuser"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Integration of the Webcam into Process Controller
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Monroe wrote the program Camera Configure and installed it on the computer.
 First, the placement of the webcam had to be determined, and the side of
 the sedimentation tank that the camera should face.
 The team considered building a stand or adding a piece of 80/20 to the
 frame that currently holds the raw water bucket, but the camera was still
 too close to the apparatus to capture the entire sedimentation tank .
 Currently, the webcam is attached to the side of the desktop computer,
 and the entire sedimentation tank is in the field of view of the camera.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Several settings were changed in Camera Configure to adjust the image as
 shown in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Configure-Analysis-in"

\end_inset

 below.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Camera configure_Configure Analysis.jpg
	scale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Settings used in Camera Configure
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Configure-Analysis-in"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The image was rotated counter clockwise to get the proper view.
 The image type was changed to JPEG to produce small image sizes.
 The exposure time was reduced by setting the exposure control to manual
 and setting the exposure time to 24.4 milliseconds.
 The reduced exposure time eliminated overexposure of the LED lights.
 The video mode was also changed to 640
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
\end_inset

480 MJPG and a new folder to save the images in was created.
 The field of view was measuring the sedimentation tank.
 The top of the tank was measured to be 82.55 cm, and now that the top and
 bottom of the sedimentation tank are in the field of view, the elevation
 of top of field and the field of view height are the same value.
 The green box on the image is the range of interest, and the team is going
 to include the entire sedimentation tank in it.
 The minimum derivative must also be adjusted so that it will be able to
 detect the height of the flock blanket, but not other objects that may
 be in the camera’s view.
 Smooth length is the width of the black line on the image that would detect
 the height of the floc blanket.
 Increasing the smooth length would widen the black line and decrease the
 derivative magnitude.
 Although it is more accurate to use a smaller smooth length, it may be
 necessary to increase and adjust it along with the minimum derivative magnitude
 in order to ignore the objects it sees and successfully detect only the
 floc blanket height.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Originally when the team ran experiments, the folders would be numbered
 by date but camera configure would create a dozen folders per experiment.
 It was established that this was because Camera Configure was reading the
 folder numbers and then creating subsequent folders.
 The team started to name the folders 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

images
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 instead of by the date of the experiment.
 Eventually the team realized that the new folders were being created after
 each time the experiment was started and stopped and after the state changed.
 The team also decided that it was not necessary to take a picture every
 5 seconds and increased the time to 15 seconds between each image.
 A time lapse video was created to show the growth of the floc blanket over
 a course of approximately 6.5 hours in windows movie maker for the 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "5 mg/L experiment"
target "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnuw7dtrSrc"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "10 mg/L experiment"
target "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjAjedj95zY"

\end_inset

, and the 
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "20 mg/L experiment"
target "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZR7c95bBN4"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Two sample images from the webcam from 2:50PM and 6:30PM are shown below
 on figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Floc-Interface"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename floc blanket photos.jpg
	scale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floc Interface
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Floc-Interface"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The growth of the floc blanket is apparent in the images.
 While the floc blanket is growing, the black line will be at the top of
 the floc blanket.
 However, when the floc blanket is at the top of the sedimentation tank,
 the floc interface will drop to the bottom of the sedimentation tank because
 it does not see any contrast between the black floc blanket and the red
 light.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Floc Recycle
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
It is hypothesized that floc recycle will improve the performance of the
 plant by adding more flocs for colloids to adhere to in the flocculator.
 Initially, the tubing to draw flocs to recycle was placed at the bottom
 of the floc weir and enters the flocculator just after the rapid mix chamber.
 Other choices for placement included the top, middle and bottom of the
 sedimentation tank.
 The bottom of the floc weir seemed to be a logical choice since the flocs
 being recycled would be already wasted flocs that were not a part of the
 floc blanket anymore.
 However, the team found that the floc weir was not filling with flocs or
 the flocs would be recycled out before they could be replaced and then
 the recycle pump was recycling clean water being drawn from the top of
 the floc blanket and the sedimentation tank.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team decided to allow more time for the floc blankets to build fully
 before floc recycle began.
 Instead of the floc recycle pump automatically turning on after a length
 of one solids residence time, the floc recycle pump would turn on and begin
 recycling flocs by one of the team members manually switching process controlle
r states when there was a fully floc blanket formed and flocs wasted into
 the weir.
 This successfully allowed a floc blanket to build and there to be enough
 flocs already wasted into the weir for the floc recycle lines to begin
 drawing from.
 However the draw back to manually switching states in process controller
 is that the floc blanket and apparatus had to be continually monitored
 by member of the team.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Design Parameters
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Coagulant
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team calculated the correct concentration of the stock of PACl to be
 used in our apparatus with influent turbidity of 100 NTU.
 Previous teams had been using alum as the coagulant.
 The team looked at the online data monitoring of the AguaClara plants in
 Honduras for plants that were dosing with PACl to see what the average
 dose of PACl for 100 NTU water was.
 The AguaClara plant in Atima doses with PACl as a coagulant and data from
 the month of September 2013 indicated that with influent water at 100 NTU
 turbidity, the average coagulant dose was 10 mg/L 
\begin_inset CommandInset citation
LatexCommand cite
key "key-2"

\end_inset

.
 Thus, the team decided to dose the raw water in the experimental apparatus
 with 10 mg/L of coagulant.
 By conservation of mass, the coagulant flow rate was calculated as shown
 in equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:ConservationOfMass"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
C_{CoagStock}Q_{CoagStock}+C_{W}Q_{W}=C_{Plant}Q_{Plant}\label{eq:ConservationOfMass}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\strikeout off
\uuline off
\uwave off
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $C_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 is the
\family default
\series default
\shape default
\size default
\emph default
\bar default
\strikeout default
\uuline default
\uwave default
\noun default
\color inherit
 stock concentration of PACl, 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 is the coagulant flow rate , 
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\strikeout off
\uuline off
\uwave off
\noun off
\color none

\begin_inset Formula $C_{W}$
\end_inset

 is the
\family default
\series default
\shape default
\size default
\emph default
\bar default
\strikeout default
\uuline default
\uwave default
\noun default
\color inherit
 concentration in raw water (in this case zero), 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{W}$
\end_inset

 is the raw water flow rate , 
\begin_inset Formula $C_{Plant}$
\end_inset

 is the concentration of coagulant in the entire plant (10 mg/L), and 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{Plant}$
\end_inset

 is the flow rate of entire plant.
 Since 
\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\strikeout off
\uuline off
\uwave off
\noun off
\color none

\begin_inset Formula $C_{W}$
\end_inset

 is zero, equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:ConservationOfMass"

\end_inset

 may be simplified as below.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
Q_{CoagStock}=\frac{C_{Plant}Q_{Plant}}{C_{CoagStock}}\label{eq:SimplifiedMassConservation}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{Plant}$
\end_inset


\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\strikeout off
\uuline off
\uwave off
\noun off
\color none
 depends on the the upflow velocity, 
\family default
\series default
\shape default
\size default
\emph default
\bar default
\strikeout default
\uuline default
\uwave default
\noun default
\color inherit

\begin_inset Formula $v_{Sedup}$
\end_inset

, and the area of the sedimentation tank, 
\begin_inset Formula $A_{Sed}$
\end_inset

, as shown in equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Qplant"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
Q_{Plant}=v_{SedUp}A_{Sed}\label{eq:Qplant}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team used 1.2 mm/s for 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{Sedup}$
\end_inset

 since it was experimented to be a reasonable value for floc blanket formation
 this semester.
 
\begin_inset Formula $A_{Sed}$
\end_inset

 was calculated to be 
\begin_inset Formula $5.4\: cm^{2}$
\end_inset

 using its inner diameter from table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Specification-of-experimental"

\end_inset

.
 With these values, 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{Plant}$
\end_inset

 was determined to be 
\begin_inset Formula $0.54\: mL/s$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard

\family roman
\series medium
\shape up
\size normal
\emph off
\bar no
\strikeout off
\uuline off
\uwave off
\noun off
\color none
\begin_inset Formula $C_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 was determined based on a constraint where 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 was set to a value greater than the operating range of the peristaltic
 pump.
 The pump would stop and return a flow rate of zero if 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 was set to a lower value than the operating range of the pump, such as
 1 or 2 rpm.
 The minimum and maximum rpm that the team planned to run the pump was at
 5 rpm and 80 rpm (see section 3.1.2).
 With these flow rates and 
\begin_inset Formula $C_{Plant}$
\end_inset

 of 10 mg/L, the required 
\begin_inset Formula $C_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 would be 160 mg/L.
 The team decided to set 
\begin_inset Formula $C_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 at 1 g/L, a higher value than required, so that it would have longer durations
 between refills.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Using these values and equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:SimplifiedMassConservation"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset

 was determined to be 
\begin_inset Formula $5.4\times10^{-3}mL/s$
\end_inset

.
 Then, in order to see the performance difference, the team selected a lower
 and higher PACl dose of 5 and 20 mg/L.
 Also, higher 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{Sedup}$
\end_inset

 were selected because floc blankets were collapsing at 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{Sedup}$
\end_inset

 of 1 mm/s.
 Several experiments were done with 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{Sedup}$
\end_inset

 of 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.0 mm/s.
 By varying PACl dose and 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{Sedup}$
\end_inset

, values for the flow rates varied from what was calculated above.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Rapid Mix Chamber 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team calculated the diameter for the hydraulic jets with the design
 parameter that the orifice had to create 1 m of headloss.
 The team used 1 m for headloss to ensure the pressure buildup at the pumps
 would not be excessive.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team calculated the diameter of the orifice using equations 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:HeadLoss"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Qjet"

\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Ajet"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
H=\frac{v_{Jet}^{2}}{2g}\label{eq:HeadLoss}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
Q_{Plant}=v_{Jet}A_{jJet}\label{eq:Qjet}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
A_{Jet}=\frac{\pi}{4}d_{Jet}^{2}\label{eq:Ajet}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
H is the 1 m head loss, g is the standard gravity, 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{Jet}$
\end_inset

 is the velocity of the hydraulic jet, 
\begin_inset Formula $A_{Jet}$
\end_inset

 is the cross-sectional area of the jet, and 
\begin_inset Formula $d_{Jet}$
\end_inset

 is the diameter of the jet.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Reorganizing equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:SimplifiedMassConservation"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{Jet}$
\end_inset

 was calculated to be 4.4 m/s.
 With this value and 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{Plant}$
\end_inset

 as 0.54 mL/s, 
\begin_inset Formula $A_{Jet}$
\end_inset

was calculated to be 
\begin_inset Formula $1.2\times10^{-7}m^{2}$
\end_inset

 using equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Ajet"

\end_inset

.
 Finally, using equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:HeadLoss"

\end_inset

, 
\begin_inset Formula $d_{Jet}$
\end_inset

was calculated to be 0.39 mm.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After calculating the appropriate diameter of the tubing needed to construct
 the hydraulic jet for the raw water and coagulant entrances to the reactor,
 the team ordered Precision Miniature Stainless Steel Tubing from McMaster-Carr.
 The tube ordered has an inner diameter of 0.036 cm and an outer diameter
 of 0.056 cm.
 The catalog number is 8987K426.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Flocculator
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The specifications of the flocculator is shown in table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Specification-of-experimental"

\end_inset

.
 The velocity gradient, 
\begin_inset Formula $G$
\end_inset

, was calculated by equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Gc"

\end_inset

 below.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
G_{Coiled}=G_{Straight}(1+0.033(\log(De))^{4})^{\frac{1}{2}}\label{eq:Gc}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $G_{Coiled}$
\end_inset

 is the velocity gradient for a coiled flocculator, 
\begin_inset Formula $G_{Straight}$
\end_inset

 is the velocity gradient for a straight tube, and 
\begin_inset Formula $De$
\end_inset

 is the Dean number.
 
\begin_inset Formula $G_{Straight}$
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Formula $De$
\end_inset

 were calculated using equations below, respectively.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
G_{Straight}=\frac{8Q_{plant}}{3\pi r_{Floc}^{3}}\label{eq:Gs}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
De=\frac{v_{SedUp}D_{Floc}}{\nu}\left(\frac{D_{Floc}}{2D_{FlocCoil}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\label{eq:Dean}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $r_{Floc}$
\end_inset

 is the inner radius of the flocculator, 
\begin_inset Formula $D_{Floc}$
\end_inset

 is the inner diameter of the flocculator, 
\begin_inset Formula $D_{FlocCoil}$
\end_inset

 is the diameter of the flocculator coil, 
\begin_inset Formula $\nu$
\end_inset

 is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid, 
\begin_inset Formula $10^{-6}\: m^{2}/s$
\end_inset

 at 
\begin_inset Formula $20^{\circ}C$
\end_inset

.
 
\begin_inset Formula $De$
\end_inset

 was calculated to be 0.82, and there was no significant difference between
 
\begin_inset Formula $G_{Straight}$
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Formula $G_{Coiled}$
\end_inset

 and they were calculated to be 
\begin_inset Formula $40.\: s^{-1}$
\end_inset

,.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Sedimentation tank
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The hydraulic residence time, 
\begin_inset Formula $\theta,$
\end_inset

 was calculated using equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:ResidenceTime"

\end_inset

 below.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
\theta=\frac{V_{Sed}}{Q_{Plant}}\label{eq:ResidenceTime}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $V_{Sed}$
\end_inset

 is the volume of the sedimentation tank and 
\begin_inset Formula $V_{Tube}$
\end_inset

 is the volume of the tube settler, and these were calculated by equation
 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Vsed"

\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Vtube"

\end_inset

, respectively.
 which is calculated by equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Vsed"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
V_{Sed}=L_{Sed}A_{Sed}\label{eq:Vsed}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
V_{Tube}=L_{Tube}A_{Tube}\label{eq:Vtube}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $V_{Sed}$
\end_inset

 was calculated to be 
\begin_inset Formula $0.54\: L$
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Formula $V_{Tube}$
\end_inset

 was calculated to be 
\begin_inset Formula $0.35\: L$
\end_inset

.
 With 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{Plant}$
\end_inset

 of 0.65 mL/s (
\begin_inset Formula $V_{SedUp}$
\end_inset

 of 1.2 mm/s), 
\begin_inset Formula $\theta$
\end_inset

 was determined to be 
\begin_inset Formula $1.4\times10^{3}\: s$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Tube Settler
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The capture velocity, 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{Capture}$
\end_inset

, was calculated using equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:CaptureVelocity"

\end_inset

 below.
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
v_{Capture}=\frac{v_{TubeUp}}{\frac{L_{Tube}}{D_{Tube}}cos\alpha sin\alpha+sin^{2}\alpha}\label{eq:CaptureVelocity}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula $v_{TubeUp}$
\end_inset

 is the upflow velocity in the tube settler, which is equivalent to 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{SedUp}$
\end_inset

.
 
\begin_inset Formula $\alpha$
\end_inset

 is the angle of the tube settler, 
\begin_inset Formula $60^{\circ}$
\end_inset

.
 
\begin_inset Formula $L_{Tube}$
\end_inset

 is the length of the tube settler, 64.2 cm.
 
\begin_inset Formula $D_{Tube}$
\end_inset

 is the inner diameter of the tube settler, 2.6 cm.
 With these values, was calculated to be 
\begin_inset Formula $0.105\: mm/s$
\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Floc Recycle Ratio
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Floc are being recycled at 10% of the 
\begin_inset Formula $v_{SedUp}$
\end_inset

 (or
\begin_inset Formula $Q{}_{Plant}$
\end_inset

) in the sedimentation tank.
 The floc recycle flow rate,
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{R}$
\end_inset

, was calculated by multiplying the recycle ratio,
\begin_inset Formula $\Pi_{Recycle}$
\end_inset

, and 
\begin_inset Formula $Q{}_{Plant}$
\end_inset

.
 Since 
\begin_inset Formula $\Pi_{Recycle}$
\end_inset

 would not be varied, this equation can be written as equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:Recycle Flow Rate"

\end_inset

 below..
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
Q_{R}=0.10Q_{Plant}\label{eq:Recycle Flow Rate}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
When flocs are being recycled and the floc recycle pump is on, the flow
 through the sedimentation tank increases by 10% when the floc recycle line
 is added to the tube carrying raw water up into the plant.
 In order to take into account the additional flow rate, 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{Plant}$
\end_inset

 was forced to decrease to 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{NewPlant}$
\end_inset

 by the amount of the additional flow of 
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{R}$
\end_inset

 as shown in equation 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "eq:New Plant Flow Rate"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Formula 
\begin{equation}
Q_{NewPlant}=Q_{Plant}-Q_{R}\label{eq:New Plant Flow Rate}
\end{equation}

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Floc Breakup
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After running multiple experiments the team noticed that adding in floc
 recycle to the entire plant did not make a noticeable difference or was
 actually making the effluent turbidity higher than it had it been without
 flocs recycling.
 One of the hypotheses considered was that the flocs being recycled into
 the beginning of the flocculator had actually reached their maximum size
 and therefore the dirt particles in the influent raw water were unable
 to adhere to the existing flocs coming into the flocculator, and the full
 flocs were taking coagulant that was being dosed right before the floc
 recycle entry point.
 If this is the case that would mean those dirt particles were not forming
 flocs and will take much longer to settle out of the water.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team decided to add a clamp as showin in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Clamp-added"

\end_inset

to the floc recycle line right before the flocs are introduced to break
 up the fully formed flocs to allow them to continue to grow in the flocculator.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename clamp.jpg
	scale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Clamp added to Floc Recycle Line
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Clamp-added"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
To determine how tight the clamp should be, a pressure sensor was installed
 next to the floc recycle pump and then plugged into the bottom row of the
 port, on channel SC1Mod2/ai0.
 The pressure sensor originally was reading 200 cm of head, total head due
 to the height of the water column in the sedimentation tank plus head loss
 in the flocculator when installed and the clamp was not tightened.
 Using the pressure sensor readings in Process Controller, the clamp was
 tightened until there was 300 cm of head in the floc recycle line.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
After the floc recycle pump was left to run at 300 cm of head for roughly
 one hour it was found that the pressure in the pressure sensor had increased
 to over 400 kPa and the floc recycle pump shut off.
 The team quickly loosened the clamp and decreased the pressure to 280 kPa.
 Finally, the pressure stabilized at 320 kPa.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Summary of Design Parameters
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Important design parameters that were calculated in previous sections are
 shown below in table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Summary-of-design"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Summary of design parameters
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Summary-of-design"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="16" columns="4">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="middle" width="20col%">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0pt">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="11col%">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="39col%">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Parameter
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Symbol
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PACl dose
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Value
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PACl stock concentration
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $C_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1 g/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="3" alignment="left" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PACl flow rate
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multirow="3" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{CoagStock}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5 mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.0027, 0.0032, 0.0040, 0.0048, 0.0055 mL/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
10 mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.0054, 0.0065, 0.0081, 0.0097, 0.011 mL/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="middle" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multirow="4" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
20 mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.011, 0.013, 0.016, 0.019, 0.022 mL/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PACl dose
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $C_{Plant}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5, 10, 20 mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Plant flow rate
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{Plant}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.54, 0.65, 0.81, 0.97, 1.1 mL/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Upflow velocity
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $v_{SedUp}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2 mm/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Head loss
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
H
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
1 m
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Diameter of hydraulic jet
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $d_{Jet}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.39 mm
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Velocity gradient for a coiled flocculator
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $G_{Coiled}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
40.
 
\begin_inset Formula $s^{-1}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Hydraulic residence time
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\theta$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $1.4\times10^{3}\: s$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Capture velocity
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $V_{Capture}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.11 mm/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Recycle ratio
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\Pi_{Recycle}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.10
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Recycle flow rate
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{R}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.054, 0.065, 0.081, 0.097, 0.11 mL/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Plant flow rate with floc recycle
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $Q_{NewPlant}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="1" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none" width="50col%">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
0.49, 0.58, 0.73, 0.87, 0.99 mL/s
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell multicolumn="2" alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsection
Process Controller Method Files
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Our team used process controller to control and record data for our experiments.
 Each experiment has a process controller method file that is saved in a
 file on the AguaClara server under Research>Floc Sed Optimization>Data
 Processor>Experiments>X-XX-201X.
 The last name in the file path is the date the experiment was conducted.
 The process controller method file is updated and renamed every time a
 new experiment is run; the name indicates the major differences between
 experiments such as a difference in coagulant dose or upflow velocity.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The figure below
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Process-Controller-Rules"

\end_inset

 is an example of the states used in process controller to run our experiment.
 The first state under the list, OFF, is in use when the entire plant is
 turned off.
 OFF indicates no pumps are running, no clay is being dosed and therefore
 no data is being recorded.
 State 1, entitled 1.
 100 NTU 0 FRR 10mgperL is used to build and floc blanket with 100 NTU water
 and 10mg/L of PACL.
 The States tab indicates which pumps and valves are off and on in each
 state.
 In this method file, Pump 0 corresponds to all actions of the raw water
 pump, Pump 2 corresponds to the floc recycle and Pump 5 controls the coagulant
 dosing.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
State 2.
 Floc Recycle is the state used to implement floc recycle into the plant.
 State 2.
 Floc Recycle includes all of the same set points used in State 1, the main
 difference is that in State 2, Pump 2 will be on, recycling flocs into
 the plant.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The states entitled Calibrate pump 0.80 and Calibrate pump 0.05 are not used
 in our every day experiments.
 Both of these states are used when the peristaltic pumps (0, 2 and 5) need
 to be calibrated.
 Calibrate pump 0.80 will turn on the pump to 80% of the pumps possible flow
 rate and calibration can occur from there is the flow rate the pump is
 reading is not actually 80%.
 Similarly, Calibrate pump 0.05 goes to the other extreme and will turn on
 the flow rate at 5% of the possible pump flow rate and from there calibration
 can occur.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Process Controller Rules and States.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Process Controller Rules and States
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Process-Controller-Rules"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The below figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Process-Cont Operations"

\end_inset

describes the plant operation.
 This is where states can be manually or automatically implemented.
 The two choices under Mode of Operation include 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Manual Locked in State
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 and 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Automatic Operation
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

.
 Currently the method file uses Manual Locked in State.
 When the team needs to change from State 1 to State 2 (turn on floc recycle),
 it is necessary to come in a switch the state manually under the tab Operator
 Selected State.
 The options under the Operator Selected State tab include all of the states
 mentioned previously.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Process Controller Plant Operations.png
	scale 50

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Process Controller Plant Operations
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Process-Cont Operations"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The table
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Set-Point-Descriptions"

\end_inset

 below displays the set points in one state of the process controller method
 file as can be seen by the figure below the table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Process-Controller-Method"

\end_inset

.
 Constants are shown in gray rows, and variables are shown without color.
 These set points are the same in both State 1 and State 2, however between
 the two states constant values have changed.
 Each state will use the set points listed to control the plants pumps and
 chemical dosing.
 The up flow velocity in the sedimentation tank changes for each experiment.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Tabular
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<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="10col%">
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\end_inset


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Set point for plant when nothing is running
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 Pinch Valve ON TIME
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 Pinch Valve OFF TIME
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Math
\backslash
duty cycle
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1.
 Raw Water Min Target
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95 NTU
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 Raw Water Max Target
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T1 ID
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\backslash
HF turbidimeter (com1).vi
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 ON OFF CONTROLLER CLAY
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 Raw Water Control
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 Plant Flow Rate, Tubing size 16
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 Raw Water Control w Recycle
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 Plant Flow Rate w Recycle, Tubing Size 16
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 Plant Flow Rate w Recycle
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 Plant Flow Rate w Recycle, 2.
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 Plant Flow Rate
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 Area, Sed Tank, 1, V.up
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 the sedimentation tank.
 
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 PACL Pump Control
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1.
 Plant Flow Rate, 1.
 PACl Stock Concentration, 1.
 PACl Dose, Tubing size 13 
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\end_inset
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chem dose pumps
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<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
Controls the flow rate of the PACl coagulant pump 
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<row>
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2.
 Floc Recycle Ratio
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peristaltic
\backslash
peristaltic pump (mLpers).vi
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 Floc Recycle Ratio
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 V.up
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1.
 PACL Stock Concentration
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1.
 PACL Dose
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1.
 Time for 100 NTU Start-up
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20.9061 ks
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A time value used in automatic operation to switch between states.
 Current value of 20.906ks is one solids residence time in the plant
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2.
 Time for Floc Recycle
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A time value used for the length the state 2 with floc recycle pumps on
 should run
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75 cm
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A height value that can be used to switch between state 1 and state 2 when
 the floc blanket is detected by the camera at value indicated 
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Recycle Pump on/off Control
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off value, on value, min target, max target
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feedback control
\backslash
on-off controller.vi
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This set point can be used to turn and off the floc recycle pump when the
 floc blanket height is measured at a critical value in camera configure
 
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</lyxtabular>

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	filename Process Controller methods.png
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Process Controller Method File
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LatexCommand label
name "fig:Process-Controller-Method"

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\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Subsubsection
Clay Dose Adjustment
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Influent turbidity data in early experiments was showing that clay was not
 being properly dosed into the system.
 Influent measurements were increasing to over 200 NTU every time the clay
 pinch valve was opened, while the intended turbidity was 100 NTU.
 The team increased the time the clay pinch valve was off from 5 seconds
 to 10 seconds and decreased the time the pinch valve was on from 1 second
 to 0.11 seconds to regulate the clay dose less often and in smaller amounts.
 The tubing connecting the clay bucket to the pinch valve was replaced and
 shortened to ensure there was no slack in the tubing.
 This would keep clay from accumulating in low points and clog the tubing.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Experiments and Analyses
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The testing parameters are listed in table 
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reference "tab:Testing-parameters"

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 below.
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Testing parameters
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Parameter
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Symbol
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Values
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PACl dose
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\begin_inset Formula $C_{Plant}$
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5 mg/L
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10 mg/L
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20 mg/L
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Upflow velocity
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This semester the team ran experiments with three different coagulant doses:
 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L of PACl all at an influent turbidity of 100
 NTU.
 The influent and effluent turbidities were graphed in Mathcad as well as
 the pC* graphs for the first state as well as a combined graph of the influent
 and effluent turbidities and pC* in the first and second states (built
 a full floc blanket in the first state and incorporated floc recycle in
 the second state).
 Videos of an experiment at each PACl dose can be found on the AguaClara
 YouTube site.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team first experimented with 10 mg/L of PACl without floc recycle.
 The upflow velocity of the plant was set at 1.00 mm/s.
 The effluent turbidity for these experiments were generally very low, ranging
 between 0.5 and 2 NTU.
 However, the floc blanket would often collapse into a solid bed, as show
 in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Collapsed-Floc-Blanket"

\end_inset

 after a few hours so the team decided that it may be because the upflow
 velocity was too low so it was changed to 1.20 mm/s.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename collapsed floc blanket.jpg
	scale 30

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Collapsed Floc Blanket 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Collapsed-Floc-Blanket"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In the experimental data shown below, the PACl dose was 10 mg/L for 100
 NTU.
 The upflow velocity was 1.2 mm/s and the floc recycle ratio was at 10% of
 the upflow velocity.
 There was no clamp present in this experiment.
 Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:IETurbidities 10mg/L"

\end_inset

 shows the effluent turbidity and Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:pC* 10mg/l"

\end_inset

 shows the pC* graph of the experiment from April 25th.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 10mgpl effluent only.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Effluent Turbidity with 10 mg/L PACl 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:IETurbidities 10mg/L"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 44 10mgpl 2.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
pC* Graph for 10 mg/L PACl experiment 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:pC* 10mg/l"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Influent turbidity stayed at about 100 NTU for the entire experiment and
 that the effluent turbidity decreased until the team started floc recycle.
 Floc recycle did not seem to work since the effluent turbidity increased
 slightly from about 1.5 NTU to about 5 NTU and the pC* value decreased.
 .
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Floc blanket height measurements were also made during the experiments,
 and the experiment done on April 16 to 17th with 10 mg/L of PACl and 1.2
 mm/s of upflow velocity was one of the successful height measurements made
 by Camera Configure.
 The smoothing length was set to 1.5 and minimum derivative was set to 0.5.The
 measurements are shown in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Floc-blanket-height"

\end_inset

 below.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename Floc blanket height versus time.jpg
	scale 85

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floc blanket height measurements for the experiment on April 16 to 17th
 with PACl of 10 mg/L and upflow velocity of 1.2 mm/s
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:Floc-blanket-height"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This experiment ran for approximately one day.
 First, when there was no floc blanket in the sedimentation tank, the height
 was at approximately 36 cm, or at the bottom of the sedimentation tank.
 The camera started to detect floc blanket building up five hours after
 the experiment started.
 The floc blanket built up in a linear fashion until 18 hours after the
 experiment started.
 Then, the floc blanket height dropped to 36 cm again, which shows that
 the sedimentation tank was full with floc blanket and the camera could
 not detect a floc-water interface anymore.
 Floc recycle started shortly after the floc blanket was fully built, and
 no floc-water interface was detected at these times as well.
 This shows that floc recycle did not affect the floc blanket to settle
 or to flush out.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team then ran experiments using 5 mg/L PACl with influent turbidity
 at 100 NTU, 1.2 mm/s upflow velocity, 10% floc recycle ratio and no clamp.
 For these experiments, the floc blanket took a much longer time to build
 (almost 24 hours), and therefore each experiment ran over the course of
 2 or 3 days.
 The graphs effluent turbidity are shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:IETurbidities 5mg/L"

\end_inset

 and the pC* graph are shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:pC* 5mg/l"

\end_inset

 for the experiment from April 21st.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 5mgpl effluent only.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Effluent Turbidity with 5 mg/L PACl
\begin_inset Note Note
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Explain the significance of the change in color in the graph.When did floc
 recycle begin?
\end_layout

\end_inset

 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:IETurbidities 5mg/L"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 42 5mgpl 2.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
pC* for 5 mg/L PACl experiment.
 Floc recycle bega at ??? s 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:pC* 5mg/l"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
This experiment had very similar results to the experiment from April 25th.
 The effluent turbidity decreased steadily over the first half of the experiment
 where the floc blanket was being built.
 The pC* also increases steadily during this time.
 However, like the 10 mg/L experiment, the effluent turbidity increased
 when floc recycle was added and the pC* value decreased steadily.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team also ran experiments using 20 mg/L PACl with all other parameters
 unchanged.
 The floc blanket again collapsed in many of these experiments so the team
 increased the upflow velocity to 1.50 mm/s.
 However, the floc blanket still collapsed.
 The team then increased it again to 2.00 mm/s.
 The team predicted that the flocs were too large which caused the floc
 blanket to collapse.
 To try and resolve this problem, the team added a clamp to the floc recycle
 line as shown in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:Clamp-added"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
A graph of the turbidities and pC* of a 20 mg/L experiment from April 22nd
 are shown in Figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:IET 20mg/l"

\end_inset

.
 The clamp was not yet added to the apparatus at this point, but it also
 appears that floc recycle did not work because the effluent turbidity increased
 when floc recycle was started.
 Furthermore, the pC* value began to decrease when floc recycle was started
 as shown in figure 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:pC* 20mg/L"

\end_inset

.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 20mgpl effluent only.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Influent and Effluent Turbidities with 20 mg/L PACl.
 Floc recycle began at ?? s.
 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:IET 20mg/l"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 43 20mgpl 2.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
pC* Graph for 20 mg/L PACl experiment 
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:pC* 20mg/L"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team performed two experiments with the clamp on the floc recycle line.
 Figure 19
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:EffTurb 5 mg/L with clamp"

\end_inset

 shows the effluent turbidity for an experiment with 5 mg/L PACl dose, at
 an influent turbidity of 100 NTU, an upflow velocity of 1.8 mm/s, and a
 recycle ratio of 10%.
 The graph of effluent turbidity in Figure 20 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:EffTurb 5 mg/L with clamp"

\end_inset

below show that even with the addition of the clamp, the effluent turbidity
 increased when floc recycle started and the pC* decreased as well, as shown
 in Figure 21
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "fig:pC* 5mg/L with clamp"

\end_inset

.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 50 5 mgpl 5-1-13 graph 1.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Effluent Trubidity for 5 mg/L PACl experiment with clamp
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:EffTurb 5 mg/L with clamp"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 50 5 mgpl 5-1-13 graph 2.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
pC* for 5 mg/L PACl experiment with clamp
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:pC* 5mg/L with clamp"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team also performed an experiment with 20 mg/L PACl dose, 100 NTU influent
 turbidity, an upflow velocity of 2.0 mm/s, recycle ratio of 10% and a clamp
 on the recycle line.
 This experiment yielded similar results to all the others where the effluent
 turbidity increased when floc recycle was started.
 The pC* value also decreased when floc recycle was started which is what
 happened in all of the previous experiments.
 The effluent turbidity was higher with the 20 mg/L PACl dose experiment
 than with the 5 mg/L PACl one, which shows that the higher the PACl dose
 does not make the effluent turbidity lower.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 51 10 mgpl 5-1-13 graph 1.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Effluent Turbidity for 20 mg/L PACl experiment with clamp
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:EffTurb 20 mg/L with clamp"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float figure
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Graphics
	filename 51 10 mgpl 5-1-13 graph 2.jpg
	scale 80

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
pC* for 20 mg/L PACl experiment with clamp
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "fig:pC* 20mg/L with clamp"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team found that floc recycle was not helpful.
 The effluent turbidities increased after floc recycle was started.
 The team thought that this could be because the flocs were too large and
 could not attach to any new clay particles.
 On the other hand, the flocs could be too small because it was being run
 through a preastaltic pump which would break up the flocs and just add
 extra dirt particles and increase the influent turbidity.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
In addition, fluctuation of flow rate produced by the raw water pump was
 observed for some experiments.
 This can be explained by the increase in upflow velocity because the plant
 flow rate increased and was set to above 80 rpm.
 Since 80 rpm was the upper value used for calibration of pumps, the pump
 could not deliver the proper flow rate set in Process Controller.
 The maximum observed raw water pump flow rate was approximately 89 rpm
 when the proper flow rate was 81.1 rpm.
 When this flow rate was observed, it was also observed that water leaked
 from the top valve as discussed in section 3.1.3.
 It was hypothesized that the sudden increase in the raw water flow rate
 also caused the leak in addition to what was discussed in section 3.1.3.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Floc blanket concentrations of the above three experiments (experiments
 16, 17, and 18) without floc recycle were measured by taking 5 mL samples
 from the middle of the sedimentation tank, diluting them to 100 mL, and
 measuring the turbidities.
 This procedure was repeated for three times for each dose to ensure more
 accurate measurements.
 Results are shown below in table 
\begin_inset CommandInset ref
LatexCommand ref
reference "tab:Floc-blanket-concentrations"

\end_inset

.
 PACl dose of 10 mg/L had the least turbidity and that of 20 mg/L had the
 greatest turbidity.
 These floc blanket concentration measurements were not consistent with
 the effluent turbidity results since 20 mg/L experiment had the greatest
 measured turbidity and 5 mg/L experiment did not show an extreme turbidity.
 Since effluent turbidity measurements were lower with 5 mg/L dose than
 with 20 mg/L dose, it was expected that the lower dose would result in
 higher floc blanket concentration.
 There would be smaller flocs with lower dose, so with a larger surface
 area, more clay can be removed, which would lead to a more concentrated
 floc blanket and lower effluent turbidity.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Possible reasons why the floc blanket concentrations were not consistent
 with the effluent turbidity measurements are human error and the state
 of the floc blanket when measured.
 The experiment was running when the measurements were taken, and flocs
 may not had been equally distributed in the sedimentation tank.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset Float table
wide false
sideways false
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Caption

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Floc blanket concentrations
\begin_inset CommandInset label
LatexCommand label
name "tab:Floc-blanket-concentrations"

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="4" columns="3">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<column alignment="center" valignment="top" width="0">
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Experiment
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
PACl dose
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Measured turbidity
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
16
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
20 mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $3.8\times10^{3}$
\end_inset

 NTU
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
17
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
5 mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $3.3\times10^{3}$
\end_inset

 NTU
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
18
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
10 mg/L
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="center" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $2.3\times10^{3}$
\end_inset

 NTU
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Conclusion
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Overall, the team found that floc recycle was not effective at any of the
 three tested coagulant doses since it made the effluent turbidity higher.
 The pC* values when full floc blankets formed were approximately the same
 in all 3 cases.
 Before floc recycle began, the pC* increased for the 5 mg/L experiment
 and decreased then increased for the 20 mg/L experiment.
 At 10 mg/L the pC* value increased until floc recycle was started.
 After floc recycle began pC* decreased.
 Overall for all the experiments that the team ran this semester, yielded
 similar results.
 After floc recycle was started, the effluent turbidity increased and the
 pC* value decreased.
 Therefore, the team does not recommend that floc recycle be incorporated
 into AguaClara plants.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Future Work
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team will continue to work on back lighting the sedimentation tank and
 finding the optimal placement for the webcam and the best way to connect
 the LED strip to the sedimentation tank.
 Currently the side of the LED strip is still sticking out of the side of
 the sedimentation tank because it is too long for the tank.
 We will also continue to work on configuring the camera so that it will
 be able to detect the height of the floc blanket and the floc blanket concentra
tion.
 The team will also determine whether a diffuser, such as low density polyethyle
ne, for the LED strip would help the camera detect the floc blanket.
 The best way to determine floc concentration has not been determined yet,
 but we have considered taking a sample from the floc blanket, diluting
 it by a known amount and then measuring the turbidity.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team will continue to experiment with varying coagulant doses and floc
 recycle.
 The team has only experimented with coagulant doses of 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team still had issues with the clay particles getting stuck to the side
 of the tubing in the flocculator which is what the rapid mix chamber was
 supposed to solve.
 Also the mold growing in the sedimentation tank could be what making the
 camera interface jump around.
 While it is better than it was last semester, the team is in the process
 of cleaning out the flocculator and sedimentation tank with diluted bleach
 and water.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
The team will also determine a new way to connect the LED lights and diffuser
 to the sedimentation tank because it is not a very stable apparatus and
 a lot of the time it shifts and the camera will not pick up the floc blanket
 or it will jump between different parts of the sedimentation tank.
 However, an alternative method to attaching the LED strip and diffuser
 have not been decided yet and will be discussed with Paul next week.
 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
key "key-1"

\end_inset

Alberty, Marion, Ju Khuan Pan, Kester Wilkening.
 Flocculator and Sedimentation Tank Optimization.
 Rep.
 Cornell University, 11 May 2012.
 Web.
 5 April 2013.
 <https://confluence.cornell.edu/download/attachments/168789647/Report_FSO_Spring_
2012_Final+Report.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1336794887000>
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
label "2"
key "key-2"

\end_inset

OpenSourceWater: Monitoring.
 Wash4All.
 5 April 2013.
 <http://monitor.wash4all.org/> 
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
label "3"
key "key-3"

\end_inset

McLane, John C.
 “Water Quality Improves by Recycling Settled Sludge.” OPF, Vol.
 30 Iss.
 1, January 2004, Page Range 15-18
\end_layout

\begin_layout Bibliography
\begin_inset CommandInset bibitem
LatexCommand bibitem
label "4"
key "key-4"

\end_inset

Elford, Thomas S.
 
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset

Coagulant Change Over from Aluminum Sulfate to Poly Aluminum Chloride at
 a Conventional Water Treatment Plant.
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset

 30 April 2013.
 <http://www.waterhouse-bc.ca/Coagulant%20Changeover.pdf>.
\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document
